Adding upstream version 9.0.0.HEADupstream/9.0.0upstreamdebian

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel@debian.org>

29 files changed, 4736 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/models/user/avatar.go b/models/user/avatar.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6937d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/avatar.go
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/md5"
+	"fmt"
+	"image/png"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/avatars"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/avatar"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/storage"
+)
+
+// CustomAvatarRelativePath returns user custom avatar relative path.
+func (u *User) CustomAvatarRelativePath() string {
+	return u.Avatar
+}
+
+// GenerateRandomAvatar generates a random avatar for user.
+func GenerateRandomAvatar(ctx context.Context, u *User) error {
+	seed := u.Email
+	if len(seed) == 0 {
+		seed = u.Name
+	}
+
+	img, err := avatar.RandomImage([]byte(seed))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("RandomImage: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	u.Avatar = avatars.HashEmail(seed)
+
+	// Don't share the images so that we can delete them easily
+	if err := storage.SaveFrom(storage.Avatars, u.CustomAvatarRelativePath(), func(w io.Writer) error {
+		if err := png.Encode(w, img); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Encode: %v", err)
+		}
+		return err
+	}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to create dir %s: %w", u.CustomAvatarRelativePath(), err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).ID(u.ID).Cols("avatar").Update(u); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	log.Info("New random avatar created: %d", u.ID)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// AvatarLinkWithSize returns a link to the user's avatar with size. size <= 0 means default size
+func (u *User) AvatarLinkWithSize(ctx context.Context, size int) string {
+	if u.IsGhost() {
+		return avatars.DefaultAvatarLink()
+	}
+
+	useLocalAvatar := false
+	autoGenerateAvatar := false
+
+	disableGravatar := setting.Config().Picture.DisableGravatar.Value(ctx)
+
+	switch {
+	case u.UseCustomAvatar:
+		useLocalAvatar = true
+	case disableGravatar, setting.OfflineMode:
+		useLocalAvatar = true
+		autoGenerateAvatar = true
+	}
+
+	if useLocalAvatar {
+		if u.Avatar == "" && autoGenerateAvatar {
+			if err := GenerateRandomAvatar(ctx, u); err != nil {
+				log.Error("GenerateRandomAvatar: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+		if u.Avatar == "" {
+			return avatars.DefaultAvatarLink()
+		}
+		return avatars.GenerateUserAvatarImageLink(u.Avatar, size)
+	}
+	return avatars.GenerateEmailAvatarFastLink(ctx, u.AvatarEmail, size)
+}
+
+// AvatarLink returns the full avatar link with http host
+func (u *User) AvatarLink(ctx context.Context) string {
+	link := u.AvatarLinkWithSize(ctx, 0)
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(link, "//") && !strings.Contains(link, "://") {
+		return setting.AppURL + strings.TrimPrefix(link, setting.AppSubURL+"/")
+	}
+	return link
+}
+
+// IsUploadAvatarChanged returns true if the current user's avatar would be changed with the provided data
+func (u *User) IsUploadAvatarChanged(data []byte) bool {
+	if !u.UseCustomAvatar || len(u.Avatar) == 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+	avatarID := fmt.Sprintf("%x", md5.Sum([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%d-%x", u.ID, md5.Sum(data)))))
+	return u.Avatar != avatarID
+}
+
+// ExistsWithAvatarAtStoragePath returns true if there is a user with this Avatar
+func ExistsWithAvatarAtStoragePath(ctx context.Context, storagePath string) (bool, error) {
+	// See func (u *User) CustomAvatarRelativePath()
+	// u.Avatar is used directly as the storage path - therefore we can check for existence directly using the path
+	return db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("`avatar`=?", storagePath).Exist(new(User))
+}
diff --git a/models/user/badge.go b/models/user/badge.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee52b44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/badge.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+)
+
+// Badge represents a user badge
+type Badge struct {
+	ID          int64 `xorm:"pk autoincr"`
+	Description string
+	ImageURL    string
+}
+
+// UserBadge represents a user badge
+type UserBadge struct { //nolint:revive
+	ID      int64 `xorm:"pk autoincr"`
+	BadgeID int64
+	UserID  int64 `xorm:"INDEX"`
+}
+
+func init() {
+	db.RegisterModel(new(Badge))
+	db.RegisterModel(new(UserBadge))
+}
+
+// GetUserBadges returns the user's badges.
+func GetUserBadges(ctx context.Context, u *User) ([]*Badge, int64, error) {
+	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Select("`badge`.*").
+		Join("INNER", "user_badge", "`user_badge`.badge_id=badge.id").
+		Where("user_badge.user_id=?", u.ID)
+
+	badges := make([]*Badge, 0, 8)
+	count, err := sess.FindAndCount(&badges)
+	return badges, count, err
+}
diff --git a/models/user/block.go b/models/user/block.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..189cacc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/block.go
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Forgejo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
+)
+
+// ErrBlockedByUser defines an error stating that the user is not allowed to perform the action because they are blocked.
+var ErrBlockedByUser = errors.New("user is blocked by the poster or repository owner")
+
+// BlockedUser represents a blocked user entry.
+type BlockedUser struct {
+	ID int64 `xorm:"pk autoincr"`
+	// UID of the one who got blocked.
+	BlockID int64 `xorm:"index"`
+	// UID of the one who did the block action.
+	UserID int64 `xorm:"index"`
+
+	CreatedUnix timeutil.TimeStamp `xorm:"created"`
+}
+
+// TableName provides the real table name
+func (*BlockedUser) TableName() string {
+	return "forgejo_blocked_user"
+}
+
+func init() {
+	db.RegisterModel(new(BlockedUser))
+}
+
+// IsBlocked returns if userID has blocked blockID.
+func IsBlocked(ctx context.Context, userID, blockID int64) bool {
+	has, _ := db.GetEngine(ctx).Exist(&BlockedUser{UserID: userID, BlockID: blockID})
+	return has
+}
+
+// IsBlockedMultiple returns if one of the userIDs has blocked blockID.
+func IsBlockedMultiple(ctx context.Context, userIDs []int64, blockID int64) bool {
+	has, _ := db.GetEngine(ctx).In("user_id", userIDs).Exist(&BlockedUser{BlockID: blockID})
+	return has
+}
+
+// UnblockUser removes the blocked user entry.
+func UnblockUser(ctx context.Context, userID, blockID int64) error {
+	_, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Delete(&BlockedUser{UserID: userID, BlockID: blockID})
+	return err
+}
+
+// CountBlockedUsers returns the number of users the user has blocked.
+func CountBlockedUsers(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int64, error) {
+	return db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("user_id=?", userID).Count(&BlockedUser{})
+}
+
+// ListBlockedUsers returns the users that the user has blocked.
+// The created_unix field of the user struct is overridden by the creation_unix
+// field of blockeduser.
+func ListBlockedUsers(ctx context.Context, userID int64, opts db.ListOptions) ([]*User, error) {
+	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Select("`forgejo_blocked_user`.created_unix, `user`.*").
+		Join("INNER", "forgejo_blocked_user", "`user`.id=`forgejo_blocked_user`.block_id").
+		Where("`forgejo_blocked_user`.user_id=?", userID)
+
+	if opts.Page > 0 {
+		sess = db.SetSessionPagination(sess, &opts)
+		users := make([]*User, 0, opts.PageSize)
+
+		return users, sess.Find(&users)
+	}
+
+	users := make([]*User, 0, 8)
+	return users, sess.Find(&users)
+}
+
+// ListBlockedByUsersID returns the ids of the users that blocked the user.
+func ListBlockedByUsersID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]int64, error) {
+	users := make([]int64, 0, 8)
+	err := db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Table("user").
+		Select("`user`.id").
+		Join("INNER", "forgejo_blocked_user", "`user`.id=`forgejo_blocked_user`.user_id").
+		Where("`forgejo_blocked_user`.block_id=?", userID).
+		Find(&users)
+
+	return users, err
+}
diff --git a/models/user/block_test.go b/models/user/block_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a795ef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/block_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Forgejo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestIsBlocked(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	assert.True(t, user_model.IsBlocked(db.DefaultContext, 4, 1))
+
+	// Simple test cases to ensure the function can also respond with false.
+	assert.False(t, user_model.IsBlocked(db.DefaultContext, 1, 1))
+	assert.False(t, user_model.IsBlocked(db.DefaultContext, 3, 2))
+}
+
+func TestIsBlockedMultiple(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	assert.True(t, user_model.IsBlockedMultiple(db.DefaultContext, []int64{4}, 1))
+	assert.True(t, user_model.IsBlockedMultiple(db.DefaultContext, []int64{4, 3, 4, 5}, 1))
+
+	// Simple test cases to ensure the function can also respond with false.
+	assert.False(t, user_model.IsBlockedMultiple(db.DefaultContext, []int64{1}, 1))
+	assert.False(t, user_model.IsBlockedMultiple(db.DefaultContext, []int64{3, 4, 1}, 2))
+}
+
+func TestUnblockUser(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	assert.True(t, user_model.IsBlocked(db.DefaultContext, 4, 1))
+
+	require.NoError(t, user_model.UnblockUser(db.DefaultContext, 4, 1))
+
+	// Simple test cases to ensure the function can also respond with false.
+	assert.False(t, user_model.IsBlocked(db.DefaultContext, 4, 1))
+}
+
+func TestListBlockedUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	blockedUsers, err := user_model.ListBlockedUsers(db.DefaultContext, 4, db.ListOptions{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	if assert.Len(t, blockedUsers, 1) {
+		assert.EqualValues(t, 1, blockedUsers[0].ID)
+		// The function returns the created Unix of the block, not that of the user.
+		assert.EqualValues(t, 1671607299, blockedUsers[0].CreatedUnix)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListBlockedByUsersID(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	blockedByUserIDs, err := user_model.ListBlockedByUsersID(db.DefaultContext, 1)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	if assert.Len(t, blockedByUserIDs, 1) {
+		assert.EqualValues(t, 4, blockedByUserIDs[0])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCountBlockedUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	count, err := user_model.CountBlockedUsers(db.DefaultContext, 4)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 1, count)
+
+	count, err = user_model.CountBlockedUsers(db.DefaultContext, 1)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 0, count)
+}
diff --git a/models/user/email_address.go b/models/user/email_address.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c6f24e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/email_address.go
@@ -0,0 +1,502 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The Gogs Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/mail"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/base"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/validation"
+
+	"xorm.io/builder"
+)
+
+// ErrEmailNotActivated e-mail address has not been activated error
+var ErrEmailNotActivated = util.NewInvalidArgumentErrorf("e-mail address has not been activated")
+
+// ErrEmailCharIsNotSupported e-mail address contains unsupported character
+type ErrEmailCharIsNotSupported struct {
+	Email string
+}
+
+// IsErrEmailCharIsNotSupported checks if an error is an ErrEmailCharIsNotSupported
+func IsErrEmailCharIsNotSupported(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrEmailCharIsNotSupported)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (err ErrEmailCharIsNotSupported) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("e-mail address contains unsupported character [email: %s]", err.Email)
+}
+
+func (err ErrEmailCharIsNotSupported) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrInvalidArgument
+}
+
+// ErrEmailInvalid represents an error where the email address does not comply with RFC 5322
+// or has a leading '-' character
+type ErrEmailInvalid struct {
+	Email string
+}
+
+// IsErrEmailInvalid checks if an error is an ErrEmailInvalid
+func IsErrEmailInvalid(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrEmailInvalid)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (err ErrEmailInvalid) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("e-mail invalid [email: %s]", err.Email)
+}
+
+func (err ErrEmailInvalid) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrInvalidArgument
+}
+
+// ErrEmailAlreadyUsed represents a "EmailAlreadyUsed" kind of error.
+type ErrEmailAlreadyUsed struct {
+	Email string
+}
+
+// IsErrEmailAlreadyUsed checks if an error is a ErrEmailAlreadyUsed.
+func IsErrEmailAlreadyUsed(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrEmailAlreadyUsed)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (err ErrEmailAlreadyUsed) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("e-mail already in use [email: %s]", err.Email)
+}
+
+func (err ErrEmailAlreadyUsed) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrAlreadyExist
+}
+
+// ErrEmailAddressNotExist email address not exist
+type ErrEmailAddressNotExist struct {
+	Email string
+}
+
+// IsErrEmailAddressNotExist checks if an error is an ErrEmailAddressNotExist
+func IsErrEmailAddressNotExist(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrEmailAddressNotExist)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (err ErrEmailAddressNotExist) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Email address does not exist [email: %s]", err.Email)
+}
+
+func (err ErrEmailAddressNotExist) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrNotExist
+}
+
+// ErrPrimaryEmailCannotDelete primary email address cannot be deleted
+type ErrPrimaryEmailCannotDelete struct {
+	Email string
+}
+
+// IsErrPrimaryEmailCannotDelete checks if an error is an ErrPrimaryEmailCannotDelete
+func IsErrPrimaryEmailCannotDelete(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrPrimaryEmailCannotDelete)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (err ErrPrimaryEmailCannotDelete) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Primary email address cannot be deleted [email: %s]", err.Email)
+}
+
+func (err ErrPrimaryEmailCannotDelete) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrInvalidArgument
+}
+
+// EmailAddress is the list of all email addresses of a user. It also contains the
+// primary email address which is saved in user table.
+type EmailAddress struct {
+	ID          int64  `xorm:"pk autoincr"`
+	UID         int64  `xorm:"INDEX NOT NULL"`
+	Email       string `xorm:"UNIQUE NOT NULL"`
+	LowerEmail  string `xorm:"UNIQUE NOT NULL"`
+	IsActivated bool
+	IsPrimary   bool `xorm:"DEFAULT(false) NOT NULL"`
+}
+
+func init() {
+	db.RegisterModel(new(EmailAddress))
+}
+
+// BeforeInsert will be invoked by XORM before inserting a record
+func (email *EmailAddress) BeforeInsert() {
+	if email.LowerEmail == "" {
+		email.LowerEmail = strings.ToLower(email.Email)
+	}
+}
+
+func InsertEmailAddress(ctx context.Context, email *EmailAddress) (*EmailAddress, error) {
+	if err := db.Insert(ctx, email); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return email, nil
+}
+
+func UpdateEmailAddress(ctx context.Context, email *EmailAddress) error {
+	_, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).ID(email.ID).AllCols().Update(email)
+	return err
+}
+
+var emailRegexp = regexp.MustCompile("^[a-zA-Z0-9.!#$%&'*+-/=?^_`{|}~]*@[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?(?:\\.[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?)*$")
+
+// ValidateEmail check if email is a valid & allowed address
+func ValidateEmail(email string) error {
+	if err := validateEmailBasic(email); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return validateEmailDomain(email)
+}
+
+// ValidateEmailForAdmin check if email is a valid address when admins manually add or edit users
+func ValidateEmailForAdmin(email string) error {
+	return validateEmailBasic(email)
+	// In this case we do not need to check the email domain
+}
+
+func GetEmailAddressByEmail(ctx context.Context, email string) (*EmailAddress, error) {
+	ea := &EmailAddress{}
+	if has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("lower_email=?", strings.ToLower(email)).Get(ea); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if !has {
+		return nil, ErrEmailAddressNotExist{email}
+	}
+	return ea, nil
+}
+
+func GetEmailAddressOfUser(ctx context.Context, email string, uid int64) (*EmailAddress, error) {
+	ea := &EmailAddress{}
+	if has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("lower_email=? AND uid=?", strings.ToLower(email), uid).Get(ea); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if !has {
+		return nil, ErrEmailAddressNotExist{email}
+	}
+	return ea, nil
+}
+
+func GetPrimaryEmailAddressOfUser(ctx context.Context, uid int64) (*EmailAddress, error) {
+	ea := &EmailAddress{}
+	if has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("uid=? AND is_primary=?", uid, true).Get(ea); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if !has {
+		return nil, ErrEmailAddressNotExist{}
+	}
+	return ea, nil
+}
+
+// GetEmailAddresses returns all email addresses belongs to given user.
+func GetEmailAddresses(ctx context.Context, uid int64) ([]*EmailAddress, error) {
+	emails := make([]*EmailAddress, 0, 5)
+	if err := db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Where("uid=?", uid).
+		Asc("id").
+		Find(&emails); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return emails, nil
+}
+
+type ActivatedEmailAddress struct {
+	ID    int64
+	Email string
+}
+
+func GetActivatedEmailAddresses(ctx context.Context, uid int64) ([]*ActivatedEmailAddress, error) {
+	emails := make([]*ActivatedEmailAddress, 0, 8)
+	if err := db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Table("email_address").
+		Select("id, email").
+		Where("uid=?", uid).
+		And("is_activated=?", true).
+		Asc("id").
+		Find(&emails); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return emails, nil
+}
+
+// GetEmailAddressByID gets a user's email address by ID
+func GetEmailAddressByID(ctx context.Context, uid, id int64) (*EmailAddress, error) {
+	// User ID is required for security reasons
+	email := &EmailAddress{UID: uid}
+	if has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).ID(id).Get(email); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if !has {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return email, nil
+}
+
+// IsEmailActive check if email is activated with a different emailID
+func IsEmailActive(ctx context.Context, email string, excludeEmailID int64) (bool, error) {
+	if len(email) == 0 {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	// Can't filter by boolean field unless it's explicit
+	cond := builder.NewCond()
+	cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"lower_email": strings.ToLower(email)}, builder.Neq{"id": excludeEmailID})
+	if setting.Service.RegisterEmailConfirm {
+		// Inactive (unvalidated) addresses don't count as active if email validation is required
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"is_activated": true})
+	}
+
+	var em EmailAddress
+	if has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Where(cond).Get(&em); has || err != nil {
+		if has {
+			log.Info("isEmailActive(%q, %d) found duplicate in email ID %d", email, excludeEmailID, em.ID)
+		}
+		return has, err
+	}
+
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// IsEmailUsed returns true if the email has been used.
+func IsEmailUsed(ctx context.Context, email string) (bool, error) {
+	if len(email) == 0 {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	return db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("lower_email=?", strings.ToLower(email)).Get(&EmailAddress{})
+}
+
+// ActivateEmail activates the email address to given user.
+func ActivateEmail(ctx context.Context, email *EmailAddress) error {
+	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer committer.Close()
+	if err := updateActivation(ctx, email, true); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return committer.Commit()
+}
+
+func updateActivation(ctx context.Context, email *EmailAddress, activate bool) error {
+	user, err := GetUserByID(ctx, email.UID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if user.Rands, err = GetUserSalt(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	email.IsActivated = activate
+	if _, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).ID(email.ID).Cols("is_activated").Update(email); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return UpdateUserCols(ctx, user, "rands")
+}
+
+// VerifyActiveEmailCode verifies active email code when active account
+func VerifyActiveEmailCode(ctx context.Context, code, email string) *EmailAddress {
+	if user := GetVerifyUser(ctx, code); user != nil {
+		// time limit code
+		prefix := code[:base.TimeLimitCodeLength]
+		data := fmt.Sprintf("%d%s%s%s%s", user.ID, email, user.LowerName, user.Passwd, user.Rands)
+
+		if base.VerifyTimeLimitCode(time.Now(), data, setting.Service.ActiveCodeLives, prefix) {
+			emailAddress := &EmailAddress{UID: user.ID, Email: email}
+			if has, _ := db.GetEngine(ctx).Get(emailAddress); has {
+				return emailAddress
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SearchEmailOrderBy is used to sort the results from SearchEmails()
+type SearchEmailOrderBy string
+
+func (s SearchEmailOrderBy) String() string {
+	return string(s)
+}
+
+// Strings for sorting result
+const (
+	SearchEmailOrderByEmail        SearchEmailOrderBy = "email_address.lower_email ASC, email_address.is_primary DESC, email_address.id ASC"
+	SearchEmailOrderByEmailReverse SearchEmailOrderBy = "email_address.lower_email DESC, email_address.is_primary ASC, email_address.id DESC"
+	SearchEmailOrderByName         SearchEmailOrderBy = "`user`.lower_name ASC, email_address.is_primary DESC, email_address.id ASC"
+	SearchEmailOrderByNameReverse  SearchEmailOrderBy = "`user`.lower_name DESC, email_address.is_primary ASC, email_address.id DESC"
+)
+
+// SearchEmailOptions are options to search e-mail addresses for the admin panel
+type SearchEmailOptions struct {
+	db.ListOptions
+	Keyword     string
+	SortType    SearchEmailOrderBy
+	IsPrimary   optional.Option[bool]
+	IsActivated optional.Option[bool]
+}
+
+// SearchEmailResult is an e-mail address found in the user or email_address table
+type SearchEmailResult struct {
+	ID          int64
+	UID         int64
+	Email       string
+	IsActivated bool
+	IsPrimary   bool
+	// From User
+	Name     string
+	FullName string
+}
+
+// SearchEmails takes options i.e. keyword and part of email name to search,
+// it returns results in given range and number of total results.
+func SearchEmails(ctx context.Context, opts *SearchEmailOptions) ([]*SearchEmailResult, int64, error) {
+	var cond builder.Cond = builder.Eq{"`user`.`type`": UserTypeIndividual}
+	if len(opts.Keyword) > 0 {
+		likeStr := "%" + strings.ToLower(opts.Keyword) + "%"
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Or(
+			builder.Like{"lower(`user`.full_name)", likeStr},
+			builder.Like{"`user`.lower_name", likeStr},
+			builder.Like{"email_address.lower_email", likeStr},
+		))
+	}
+
+	if opts.IsPrimary.Has() {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"email_address.is_primary": opts.IsPrimary.Value()})
+	}
+
+	if opts.IsActivated.Has() {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"email_address.is_activated": opts.IsActivated.Value()})
+	}
+
+	count, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Join("INNER", "`user`", "`user`.id = email_address.uid").
+		Where(cond).Count(new(EmailAddress))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("Count: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	orderby := opts.SortType.String()
+	if orderby == "" {
+		orderby = SearchEmailOrderByEmail.String()
+	}
+
+	opts.SetDefaultValues()
+
+	emails := make([]*SearchEmailResult, 0, opts.PageSize)
+	err = db.GetEngine(ctx).Table("email_address").
+		Select("email_address.*, `user`.name, `user`.full_name").
+		Join("INNER", "`user`", "`user`.id = email_address.uid").
+		Where(cond).
+		OrderBy(orderby).
+		Limit(opts.PageSize, (opts.Page-1)*opts.PageSize).
+		Find(&emails)
+
+	return emails, count, err
+}
+
+// ActivateUserEmail will change the activated state of an email address,
+// either primary or secondary (all in the email_address table)
+func ActivateUserEmail(ctx context.Context, userID int64, email string, activate bool) (err error) {
+	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer committer.Close()
+
+	// Activate/deactivate a user's secondary email address
+	// First check if there's another user active with the same address
+	addr, exist, err := db.Get[EmailAddress](ctx, builder.Eq{"uid": userID, "lower_email": strings.ToLower(email)})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if !exist {
+		return fmt.Errorf("no such email: %d (%s)", userID, email)
+	}
+
+	if addr.IsActivated == activate {
+		// Already in the desired state; no action
+		return nil
+	}
+	if activate {
+		if used, err := IsEmailActive(ctx, email, addr.ID); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unable to check isEmailActive() for %s: %w", email, err)
+		} else if used {
+			return ErrEmailAlreadyUsed{Email: email}
+		}
+	}
+	if err = updateActivation(ctx, addr, activate); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to updateActivation() for %d:%s: %w", addr.ID, addr.Email, err)
+	}
+
+	// Activate/deactivate a user's primary email address and account
+	if addr.IsPrimary {
+		user, exist, err := db.Get[User](ctx, builder.Eq{"id": userID, "email": email})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		} else if !exist {
+			return fmt.Errorf("no user with ID: %d and Email: %s", userID, email)
+		}
+
+		// The user's activation state should be synchronized with the primary email
+		if user.IsActive != activate {
+			user.IsActive = activate
+			if user.Rands, err = GetUserSalt(); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("unable to generate salt: %w", err)
+			}
+			if err = UpdateUserCols(ctx, user, "is_active", "rands"); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("unable to updateUserCols() for user ID: %d: %w", userID, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return committer.Commit()
+}
+
+// validateEmailBasic checks whether the email complies with the rules
+func validateEmailBasic(email string) error {
+	if len(email) == 0 {
+		return ErrEmailInvalid{email}
+	}
+
+	if !emailRegexp.MatchString(email) {
+		return ErrEmailCharIsNotSupported{email}
+	}
+
+	if email[0] == '-' {
+		return ErrEmailInvalid{email}
+	}
+
+	if _, err := mail.ParseAddress(email); err != nil {
+		return ErrEmailInvalid{email}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// validateEmailDomain checks whether the email domain is allowed or blocked
+func validateEmailDomain(email string) error {
+	if !IsEmailDomainAllowed(email) {
+		return ErrEmailInvalid{email}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func IsEmailDomainAllowed(email string) bool {
+	if len(setting.Service.EmailDomainAllowList) == 0 {
+		return !validation.IsEmailDomainListed(setting.Service.EmailDomainBlockList, email)
+	}
+
+	return validation.IsEmailDomainListed(setting.Service.EmailDomainAllowList, email)
+}
diff --git a/models/user/email_address_test.go b/models/user/email_address_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b918f21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/email_address_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user_test
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestGetEmailAddresses(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	emails, _ := user_model.GetEmailAddresses(db.DefaultContext, int64(1))
+	if assert.Len(t, emails, 3) {
+		assert.True(t, emails[0].IsPrimary)
+		assert.True(t, emails[2].IsActivated)
+		assert.False(t, emails[2].IsPrimary)
+	}
+
+	emails, _ = user_model.GetEmailAddresses(db.DefaultContext, int64(2))
+	if assert.Len(t, emails, 2) {
+		assert.True(t, emails[0].IsPrimary)
+		assert.True(t, emails[0].IsActivated)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsEmailUsed(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	isExist, _ := user_model.IsEmailUsed(db.DefaultContext, "")
+	assert.True(t, isExist)
+	isExist, _ = user_model.IsEmailUsed(db.DefaultContext, "user11@example.com")
+	assert.True(t, isExist)
+	isExist, _ = user_model.IsEmailUsed(db.DefaultContext, "user1234567890@example.com")
+	assert.False(t, isExist)
+}
+
+func TestActivate(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	email := &user_model.EmailAddress{
+		ID:    int64(1),
+		UID:   int64(1),
+		Email: "user11@example.com",
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, user_model.ActivateEmail(db.DefaultContext, email))
+
+	emails, _ := user_model.GetEmailAddresses(db.DefaultContext, int64(1))
+	assert.Len(t, emails, 3)
+	assert.True(t, emails[0].IsActivated)
+	assert.True(t, emails[0].IsPrimary)
+	assert.False(t, emails[1].IsPrimary)
+	assert.True(t, emails[2].IsActivated)
+	assert.False(t, emails[2].IsPrimary)
+}
+
+func TestListEmails(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	// Must find all users and their emails
+	opts := &user_model.SearchEmailOptions{
+		ListOptions: db.ListOptions{
+			PageSize: 10000,
+		},
+	}
+	emails, count, err := user_model.SearchEmails(db.DefaultContext, opts)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Greater(t, count, int64(5))
+
+	contains := func(match func(s *user_model.SearchEmailResult) bool) bool {
+		for _, v := range emails {
+			if match(v) {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+
+	assert.True(t, contains(func(s *user_model.SearchEmailResult) bool { return s.UID == 18 }))
+	// 'org3' is an organization
+	assert.False(t, contains(func(s *user_model.SearchEmailResult) bool { return s.UID == 3 }))
+
+	// Must find no records
+	opts = &user_model.SearchEmailOptions{Keyword: "NOTFOUND"}
+	emails, count, err = user_model.SearchEmails(db.DefaultContext, opts)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), count)
+
+	// Must find users 'user2', 'user28', etc.
+	opts = &user_model.SearchEmailOptions{Keyword: "user2"}
+	emails, count, err = user_model.SearchEmails(db.DefaultContext, opts)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotEqual(t, int64(0), count)
+	assert.True(t, contains(func(s *user_model.SearchEmailResult) bool { return s.UID == 2 }))
+	assert.True(t, contains(func(s *user_model.SearchEmailResult) bool { return s.UID == 27 }))
+
+	// Must find only primary addresses (i.e. from the `user` table)
+	opts = &user_model.SearchEmailOptions{IsPrimary: optional.Some(true)}
+	emails, _, err = user_model.SearchEmails(db.DefaultContext, opts)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, contains(func(s *user_model.SearchEmailResult) bool { return s.IsPrimary }))
+	assert.False(t, contains(func(s *user_model.SearchEmailResult) bool { return !s.IsPrimary }))
+
+	// Must find only inactive addresses (i.e. not validated)
+	opts = &user_model.SearchEmailOptions{IsActivated: optional.Some(false)}
+	emails, _, err = user_model.SearchEmails(db.DefaultContext, opts)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, contains(func(s *user_model.SearchEmailResult) bool { return !s.IsActivated }))
+	assert.False(t, contains(func(s *user_model.SearchEmailResult) bool { return s.IsActivated }))
+
+	// Must find more than one page, but retrieve only one
+	opts = &user_model.SearchEmailOptions{
+		ListOptions: db.ListOptions{
+			PageSize: 5,
+			Page:     1,
+		},
+	}
+	emails, count, err = user_model.SearchEmails(db.DefaultContext, opts)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, emails, 5)
+	assert.Greater(t, count, int64(len(emails)))
+}
+
+func TestEmailAddressValidate(t *testing.T) {
+	kases := map[string]error{
+		"abc@gmail.com":                  nil,
+		"132@hotmail.com":                nil,
+		"1-3-2@test.org":                 nil,
+		"1.3.2@test.org":                 nil,
+		"a_123@test.org.cn":              nil,
+		`first.last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first!last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first#last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first$last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first%last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first&last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first'last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first*last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first+last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first/last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first=last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first?last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first^last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		"first`last@iana.org":            nil,
+		`first{last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first|last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first}last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first~last@iana.org`:            nil,
+		`first;last@iana.org`:            user_model.ErrEmailCharIsNotSupported{`first;last@iana.org`},
+		".233@qq.com":                    user_model.ErrEmailInvalid{".233@qq.com"},
+		"!233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"#233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"$233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"%233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"&233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"'233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"*233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"+233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"-233@qq.com":                    user_model.ErrEmailInvalid{"-233@qq.com"},
+		"/233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"=233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"?233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"^233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"_233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"`233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"{233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"|233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"}233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		"~233@qq.com":                    nil,
+		";233@qq.com":                    user_model.ErrEmailCharIsNotSupported{";233@qq.com"},
+		"Foo <foo@bar.com>":              user_model.ErrEmailCharIsNotSupported{"Foo <foo@bar.com>"},
+		string([]byte{0xE2, 0x84, 0xAA}): user_model.ErrEmailCharIsNotSupported{string([]byte{0xE2, 0x84, 0xAA})},
+	}
+	for kase, err := range kases {
+		t.Run(kase, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.EqualValues(t, err, user_model.ValidateEmail(kase))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetActivatedEmailAddresses(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		UID      int64
+		expected []*user_model.ActivatedEmailAddress
+	}{
+		{
+			UID:      1,
+			expected: []*user_model.ActivatedEmailAddress{{ID: 9, Email: "user1@example.com"}, {ID: 33, Email: "user1-2@example.com"}, {ID: 34, Email: "user1-3@example.com"}},
+		},
+		{
+			UID:      2,
+			expected: []*user_model.ActivatedEmailAddress{{ID: 3, Email: "user2@example.com"}},
+		},
+		{
+			UID:      4,
+			expected: []*user_model.ActivatedEmailAddress{{ID: 11, Email: "user4@example.com"}},
+		},
+		{
+			UID:      11,
+			expected: []*user_model.ActivatedEmailAddress{},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, testCase := range testCases {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("User %d", testCase.UID), func(t *testing.T) {
+			emails, err := user_model.GetActivatedEmailAddresses(db.DefaultContext, testCase.UID)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, testCase.expected, emails)
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/models/user/error.go b/models/user/error.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbf1999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/error.go
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
+)
+
+// ErrUserAlreadyExist represents a "user already exists" error.
+type ErrUserAlreadyExist struct {
+	Name string
+}
+
+// IsErrUserAlreadyExist checks if an error is a ErrUserAlreadyExists.
+func IsErrUserAlreadyExist(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrUserAlreadyExist)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (err ErrUserAlreadyExist) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("user already exists [name: %s]", err.Name)
+}
+
+// Unwrap unwraps this error as a ErrExist error
+func (err ErrUserAlreadyExist) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrAlreadyExist
+}
+
+// ErrUserNotExist represents a "UserNotExist" kind of error.
+type ErrUserNotExist struct {
+	UID  int64
+	Name string
+}
+
+// IsErrUserNotExist checks if an error is a ErrUserNotExist.
+func IsErrUserNotExist(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrUserNotExist)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (err ErrUserNotExist) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("user does not exist [uid: %d, name: %s]", err.UID, err.Name)
+}
+
+// Unwrap unwraps this error as a ErrNotExist error
+func (err ErrUserNotExist) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrNotExist
+}
+
+// ErrUserProhibitLogin represents a "ErrUserProhibitLogin" kind of error.
+type ErrUserProhibitLogin struct {
+	UID  int64
+	Name string
+}
+
+// IsErrUserProhibitLogin checks if an error is a ErrUserProhibitLogin
+func IsErrUserProhibitLogin(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrUserProhibitLogin)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (err ErrUserProhibitLogin) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("user is not allowed login [uid: %d, name: %s]", err.UID, err.Name)
+}
+
+// Unwrap unwraps this error as a ErrPermission error
+func (err ErrUserProhibitLogin) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrPermissionDenied
+}
+
+// ErrUserInactive represents a "ErrUserInactive" kind of error.
+type ErrUserInactive struct {
+	UID  int64
+	Name string
+}
+
+// IsErrUserInactive checks if an error is a ErrUserInactive
+func IsErrUserInactive(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrUserInactive)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (err ErrUserInactive) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("user is inactive [uid: %d, name: %s]", err.UID, err.Name)
+}
+
+// Unwrap unwraps this error as a ErrPermission error
+func (err ErrUserInactive) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrPermissionDenied
+}
+
+// ErrUserIsNotLocal represents a "ErrUserIsNotLocal" kind of error.
+type ErrUserIsNotLocal struct {
+	UID  int64
+	Name string
+}
+
+func (err ErrUserIsNotLocal) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("user is not local type [uid: %d, name: %s]", err.UID, err.Name)
+}
+
+// IsErrUserIsNotLocal
+func IsErrUserIsNotLocal(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrUserIsNotLocal)
+	return ok
+}
diff --git a/models/user/external_login_user.go b/models/user/external_login_user.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e764ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/external_login_user.go
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
+
+	"xorm.io/builder"
+)
+
+// ErrExternalLoginUserAlreadyExist represents a "ExternalLoginUserAlreadyExist" kind of error.
+type ErrExternalLoginUserAlreadyExist struct {
+	ExternalID    string
+	UserID        int64
+	LoginSourceID int64
+}
+
+// IsErrExternalLoginUserAlreadyExist checks if an error is a ExternalLoginUserAlreadyExist.
+func IsErrExternalLoginUserAlreadyExist(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrExternalLoginUserAlreadyExist)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (err ErrExternalLoginUserAlreadyExist) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("external login user already exists [externalID: %s, userID: %d, loginSourceID: %d]", err.ExternalID, err.UserID, err.LoginSourceID)
+}
+
+func (err ErrExternalLoginUserAlreadyExist) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrAlreadyExist
+}
+
+// ErrExternalLoginUserNotExist represents a "ExternalLoginUserNotExist" kind of error.
+type ErrExternalLoginUserNotExist struct {
+	UserID        int64
+	LoginSourceID int64
+}
+
+// IsErrExternalLoginUserNotExist checks if an error is a ExternalLoginUserNotExist.
+func IsErrExternalLoginUserNotExist(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrExternalLoginUserNotExist)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (err ErrExternalLoginUserNotExist) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("external login user link does not exists [userID: %d, loginSourceID: %d]", err.UserID, err.LoginSourceID)
+}
+
+func (err ErrExternalLoginUserNotExist) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrNotExist
+}
+
+// ExternalLoginUser makes the connecting between some existing user and additional external login sources
+type ExternalLoginUser struct {
+	ExternalID        string         `xorm:"pk NOT NULL"`
+	UserID            int64          `xorm:"INDEX NOT NULL"`
+	LoginSourceID     int64          `xorm:"pk NOT NULL"`
+	RawData           map[string]any `xorm:"TEXT JSON"`
+	Provider          string         `xorm:"index VARCHAR(25)"`
+	Email             string
+	Name              string
+	FirstName         string
+	LastName          string
+	NickName          string
+	Description       string
+	AvatarURL         string `xorm:"TEXT"`
+	Location          string
+	AccessToken       string `xorm:"TEXT"`
+	AccessTokenSecret string `xorm:"TEXT"`
+	RefreshToken      string `xorm:"TEXT"`
+	ExpiresAt         time.Time
+}
+
+type ExternalUserMigrated interface {
+	GetExternalName() string
+	GetExternalID() int64
+}
+
+type ExternalUserRemappable interface {
+	GetUserID() int64
+	RemapExternalUser(externalName string, externalID, userID int64) error
+	ExternalUserMigrated
+}
+
+func init() {
+	db.RegisterModel(new(ExternalLoginUser))
+}
+
+// GetExternalLogin checks if a externalID in loginSourceID scope already exists
+func GetExternalLogin(ctx context.Context, externalLoginUser *ExternalLoginUser) (bool, error) {
+	return db.GetEngine(ctx).Get(externalLoginUser)
+}
+
+// LinkExternalToUser link the external user to the user
+func LinkExternalToUser(ctx context.Context, user *User, externalLoginUser *ExternalLoginUser) error {
+	has, err := db.Exist[ExternalLoginUser](ctx, builder.Eq{
+		"external_id":     externalLoginUser.ExternalID,
+		"login_source_id": externalLoginUser.LoginSourceID,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if has {
+		return ErrExternalLoginUserAlreadyExist{externalLoginUser.ExternalID, user.ID, externalLoginUser.LoginSourceID}
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.GetEngine(ctx).Insert(externalLoginUser)
+	return err
+}
+
+// RemoveAccountLink will remove all external login sources for the given user
+func RemoveAccountLink(ctx context.Context, user *User, loginSourceID int64) (int64, error) {
+	deleted, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Delete(&ExternalLoginUser{UserID: user.ID, LoginSourceID: loginSourceID})
+	if err != nil {
+		return deleted, err
+	}
+	if deleted < 1 {
+		return deleted, ErrExternalLoginUserNotExist{user.ID, loginSourceID}
+	}
+	return deleted, err
+}
+
+// RemoveAllAccountLinks will remove all external login sources for the given user
+func RemoveAllAccountLinks(ctx context.Context, user *User) error {
+	_, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Delete(&ExternalLoginUser{UserID: user.ID})
+	return err
+}
+
+// GetUserIDByExternalUserID get user id according to provider and userID
+func GetUserIDByExternalUserID(ctx context.Context, provider, userID string) (int64, error) {
+	var id int64
+	_, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Table("external_login_user").
+		Select("user_id").
+		Where("provider=?", provider).
+		And("external_id=?", userID).
+		Get(&id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return id, nil
+}
+
+// UpdateExternalUserByExternalID updates an external user's information
+func UpdateExternalUserByExternalID(ctx context.Context, external *ExternalLoginUser) error {
+	has, err := db.Exist[ExternalLoginUser](ctx, builder.Eq{
+		"external_id":     external.ExternalID,
+		"login_source_id": external.LoginSourceID,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if !has {
+		return ErrExternalLoginUserNotExist{external.UserID, external.LoginSourceID}
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("external_id=? AND login_source_id=?", external.ExternalID, external.LoginSourceID).AllCols().Update(external)
+	return err
+}
+
+// EnsureLinkExternalToUser link the external user to the user
+func EnsureLinkExternalToUser(ctx context.Context, external *ExternalLoginUser) error {
+	has, err := db.Exist[ExternalLoginUser](ctx, builder.Eq{
+		"external_id":     external.ExternalID,
+		"login_source_id": external.LoginSourceID,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if has {
+		_, err = db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("external_id=? AND login_source_id=?", external.ExternalID, external.LoginSourceID).AllCols().Update(external)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.GetEngine(ctx).Insert(external)
+	return err
+}
+
+// FindExternalUserOptions represents an options to find external users
+type FindExternalUserOptions struct {
+	db.ListOptions
+	Provider        string
+	UserID          int64
+	LoginSourceID   int64
+	HasRefreshToken bool
+	Expired         bool
+	OrderBy         string
+}
+
+func (opts FindExternalUserOptions) ToConds() builder.Cond {
+	cond := builder.NewCond()
+	if len(opts.Provider) > 0 {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"provider": opts.Provider})
+	}
+	if opts.UserID > 0 {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"user_id": opts.UserID})
+	}
+	if opts.Expired {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Lt{"expires_at": time.Now()})
+	}
+	if opts.HasRefreshToken {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Neq{"refresh_token": ""})
+	}
+	if opts.LoginSourceID != 0 {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"login_source_id": opts.LoginSourceID})
+	}
+	return cond
+}
+
+func (opts FindExternalUserOptions) ToOrders() string {
+	return opts.OrderBy
+}
+
+func IterateExternalLogin(ctx context.Context, opts FindExternalUserOptions, f func(ctx context.Context, u *ExternalLoginUser) error) error {
+	return db.Iterate(ctx, opts.ToConds(), f)
+}
diff --git a/models/user/federated_user.go b/models/user/federated_user.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fc42c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/federated_user.go
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Forgejo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/validation"
+)
+
+type FederatedUser struct {
+	ID               int64  `xorm:"pk autoincr"`
+	UserID           int64  `xorm:"NOT NULL"`
+	ExternalID       string `xorm:"UNIQUE(federation_user_mapping) NOT NULL"`
+	FederationHostID int64  `xorm:"UNIQUE(federation_user_mapping) NOT NULL"`
+}
+
+func NewFederatedUser(userID int64, externalID string, federationHostID int64) (FederatedUser, error) {
+	result := FederatedUser{
+		UserID:           userID,
+		ExternalID:       externalID,
+		FederationHostID: federationHostID,
+	}
+	if valid, err := validation.IsValid(result); !valid {
+		return FederatedUser{}, err
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func (user FederatedUser) Validate() []string {
+	var result []string
+	result = append(result, validation.ValidateNotEmpty(user.UserID, "UserID")...)
+	result = append(result, validation.ValidateNotEmpty(user.ExternalID, "ExternalID")...)
+	result = append(result, validation.ValidateNotEmpty(user.FederationHostID, "FederationHostID")...)
+	return result
+}
diff --git a/models/user/federated_user_test.go b/models/user/federated_user_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a21126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/federated_user_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Forgejo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/validation"
+)
+
+func Test_FederatedUserValidation(t *testing.T) {
+	sut := FederatedUser{
+		UserID:           12,
+		ExternalID:       "12",
+		FederationHostID: 1,
+	}
+	if res, err := validation.IsValid(sut); !res {
+		t.Errorf("sut should be valid but was %q", err)
+	}
+
+	sut = FederatedUser{
+		ExternalID:       "12",
+		FederationHostID: 1,
+	}
+	if res, _ := validation.IsValid(sut); res {
+		t.Errorf("sut should be invalid")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/models/user/fixtures/user.yml b/models/user/fixtures/user.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1892f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/fixtures/user.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+-
+  id: 1041
+  lower_name: remote01
+  name: remote01
+  full_name: Remote01
+  email: remote01@example.com
+  keep_email_private: false
+  email_notifications_preference: onmention
+  passwd: ZogKvWdyEx:password
+  passwd_hash_algo: dummy
+  must_change_password: false
+  login_source: 1001
+  login_name: 123
+  type: 5
+  salt: ZogKvWdyEx
+  max_repo_creation: -1
+  is_active: true
+  is_admin: false
+  is_restricted: false
+  allow_git_hook: false
+  allow_import_local: false
+  allow_create_organization: true
+  prohibit_login: true
+  avatar: avatarremote01
+  avatar_email: avatarremote01@example.com
+  use_custom_avatar: false
+  num_followers: 0
+  num_following: 0
+  num_stars: 0
+  num_repos: 0
+  num_teams: 0
+  num_members: 0
+  visibility: 0
+  repo_admin_change_team_access: false
+  theme: ""
+  keep_activity_private: false
diff --git a/models/user/follow.go b/models/user/follow.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c3283b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/follow.go
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
+)
+
+// Follow represents relations of user and their followers.
+type Follow struct {
+	ID          int64              `xorm:"pk autoincr"`
+	UserID      int64              `xorm:"UNIQUE(follow)"`
+	FollowID    int64              `xorm:"UNIQUE(follow)"`
+	CreatedUnix timeutil.TimeStamp `xorm:"INDEX created"`
+}
+
+func init() {
+	db.RegisterModel(new(Follow))
+}
+
+// IsFollowing returns true if user is following followID.
+func IsFollowing(ctx context.Context, userID, followID int64) bool {
+	has, _ := db.GetEngine(ctx).Get(&Follow{UserID: userID, FollowID: followID})
+	return has
+}
+
+// FollowUser marks someone be another's follower.
+func FollowUser(ctx context.Context, userID, followID int64) (err error) {
+	if userID == followID || IsFollowing(ctx, userID, followID) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if IsBlocked(ctx, userID, followID) || IsBlocked(ctx, followID, userID) {
+		return ErrBlockedByUser
+	}
+
+	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer committer.Close()
+
+	if err = db.Insert(ctx, &Follow{UserID: userID, FollowID: followID}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if _, err = db.Exec(ctx, "UPDATE `user` SET num_followers = num_followers + 1 WHERE id = ?", followID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if _, err = db.Exec(ctx, "UPDATE `user` SET num_following = num_following + 1 WHERE id = ?", userID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return committer.Commit()
+}
+
+// UnfollowUser unmarks someone as another's follower.
+func UnfollowUser(ctx context.Context, userID, followID int64) (err error) {
+	if userID == followID || !IsFollowing(ctx, userID, followID) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer committer.Close()
+
+	if _, err = db.DeleteByBean(ctx, &Follow{UserID: userID, FollowID: followID}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if _, err = db.Exec(ctx, "UPDATE `user` SET num_followers = num_followers - 1 WHERE id = ?", followID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if _, err = db.Exec(ctx, "UPDATE `user` SET num_following = num_following - 1 WHERE id = ?", userID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return committer.Commit()
+}
diff --git a/models/user/follow_test.go b/models/user/follow_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c56164
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/follow_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestIsFollowing(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	assert.True(t, user_model.IsFollowing(db.DefaultContext, 4, 2))
+	assert.False(t, user_model.IsFollowing(db.DefaultContext, 2, 4))
+	assert.False(t, user_model.IsFollowing(db.DefaultContext, 5, unittest.NonexistentID))
+	assert.False(t, user_model.IsFollowing(db.DefaultContext, unittest.NonexistentID, 5))
+	assert.False(t, user_model.IsFollowing(db.DefaultContext, unittest.NonexistentID, unittest.NonexistentID))
+}
diff --git a/models/user/list.go b/models/user/list.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca589d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/list.go
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+)
+
+// UserList is a list of user.
+// This type provide valuable methods to retrieve information for a group of users efficiently.
+type UserList []*User //revive:disable-line:exported
+
+// GetUserIDs returns a slice of user's id
+func (users UserList) GetUserIDs() []int64 {
+	userIDs := make([]int64, 0, len(users))
+	for _, user := range users {
+		userIDs = append(userIDs, user.ID) // Considering that user id are unique in the list
+	}
+	return userIDs
+}
+
+// GetTwoFaStatus return state of 2FA enrollement
+func (users UserList) GetTwoFaStatus(ctx context.Context) map[int64]bool {
+	results := make(map[int64]bool, len(users))
+	for _, user := range users {
+		results[user.ID] = false // Set default to false
+	}
+
+	if tokenMaps, err := users.loadTwoFactorStatus(ctx); err == nil {
+		for _, token := range tokenMaps {
+			results[token.UID] = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ids, err := users.userIDsWithWebAuthn(ctx); err == nil {
+		for _, id := range ids {
+			results[id] = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return results
+}
+
+func (users UserList) loadTwoFactorStatus(ctx context.Context) (map[int64]*auth.TwoFactor, error) {
+	if len(users) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	userIDs := users.GetUserIDs()
+	tokenMaps := make(map[int64]*auth.TwoFactor, len(userIDs))
+	if err := db.GetEngine(ctx).In("uid", userIDs).Find(&tokenMaps); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("find two factor: %w", err)
+	}
+	return tokenMaps, nil
+}
+
+func (users UserList) userIDsWithWebAuthn(ctx context.Context) ([]int64, error) {
+	if len(users) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	ids := make([]int64, 0, len(users))
+	if err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Table(new(auth.WebAuthnCredential)).In("user_id", users.GetUserIDs()).Select("user_id").Distinct("user_id").Find(&ids); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("find two factor: %w", err)
+	}
+	return ids, nil
+}
+
+// GetUsersByIDs returns all resolved users from a list of Ids.
+func GetUsersByIDs(ctx context.Context, ids []int64) (UserList, error) {
+	ous := make([]*User, 0, len(ids))
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return ous, nil
+	}
+	err := db.GetEngine(ctx).In("id", ids).
+		Asc("name").
+		Find(&ous)
+	return ous, err
+}
diff --git a/models/user/main_test.go b/models/user/main_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a626d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/main_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+
+	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea/models"
+	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/actions"
+	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/activities"
+	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+)
+
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
+	unittest.MainTest(m)
+}
diff --git a/models/user/must_change_password.go b/models/user/must_change_password.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7eab08d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/must_change_password.go
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
+
+	"xorm.io/builder"
+)
+
+func SetMustChangePassword(ctx context.Context, all, mustChangePassword bool, include, exclude []string) (int64, error) {
+	sliceTrimSpaceDropEmpty := func(input []string) []string {
+		output := make([]string, 0, len(input))
+		for _, in := range input {
+			in = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(in))
+			if in == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			output = append(output, in)
+		}
+		return output
+	}
+
+	var cond builder.Cond
+
+	// Only include the users where something changes to get an accurate count
+	cond = builder.Neq{"must_change_password": mustChangePassword}
+
+	if !all {
+		include = sliceTrimSpaceDropEmpty(include)
+		if len(include) == 0 {
+			return 0, util.NewSilentWrapErrorf(util.ErrInvalidArgument, "no users to include provided")
+		}
+
+		cond = cond.And(builder.In("lower_name", include))
+	}
+
+	exclude = sliceTrimSpaceDropEmpty(exclude)
+	if len(exclude) > 0 {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.NotIn("lower_name", exclude))
+	}
+
+	return db.GetEngine(ctx).Where(cond).MustCols("must_change_password").Update(&User{MustChangePassword: mustChangePassword})
+}
diff --git a/models/user/openid.go b/models/user/openid.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee4ecab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/openid.go
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
+)
+
+// ErrOpenIDNotExist openid is not known
+var ErrOpenIDNotExist = util.NewNotExistErrorf("OpenID is unknown")
+
+// UserOpenID is the list of all OpenID identities of a user.
+// Since this is a middle table, name it OpenID is not suitable, so we ignore the lint here
+type UserOpenID struct { //revive:disable-line:exported
+	ID   int64  `xorm:"pk autoincr"`
+	UID  int64  `xorm:"INDEX NOT NULL"`
+	URI  string `xorm:"UNIQUE NOT NULL"`
+	Show bool   `xorm:"DEFAULT false"`
+}
+
+func init() {
+	db.RegisterModel(new(UserOpenID))
+}
+
+// GetUserOpenIDs returns all openid addresses that belongs to given user.
+func GetUserOpenIDs(ctx context.Context, uid int64) ([]*UserOpenID, error) {
+	openids := make([]*UserOpenID, 0, 5)
+	if err := db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Where("uid=?", uid).
+		Asc("id").
+		Find(&openids); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return openids, nil
+}
+
+// isOpenIDUsed returns true if the openid has been used.
+func isOpenIDUsed(ctx context.Context, uri string) (bool, error) {
+	if len(uri) == 0 {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	return db.GetEngine(ctx).Get(&UserOpenID{URI: uri})
+}
+
+// ErrOpenIDAlreadyUsed represents a "OpenIDAlreadyUsed" kind of error.
+type ErrOpenIDAlreadyUsed struct {
+	OpenID string
+}
+
+// IsErrOpenIDAlreadyUsed checks if an error is a ErrOpenIDAlreadyUsed.
+func IsErrOpenIDAlreadyUsed(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrOpenIDAlreadyUsed)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (err ErrOpenIDAlreadyUsed) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("OpenID already in use [oid: %s]", err.OpenID)
+}
+
+func (err ErrOpenIDAlreadyUsed) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrAlreadyExist
+}
+
+// AddUserOpenID adds an pre-verified/normalized OpenID URI to given user.
+// NOTE: make sure openid.URI is normalized already
+func AddUserOpenID(ctx context.Context, openid *UserOpenID) error {
+	used, err := isOpenIDUsed(ctx, openid.URI)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if used {
+		return ErrOpenIDAlreadyUsed{openid.URI}
+	}
+
+	return db.Insert(ctx, openid)
+}
+
+// DeleteUserOpenID deletes an openid address of given user.
+func DeleteUserOpenID(ctx context.Context, openid *UserOpenID) (err error) {
+	var deleted int64
+	// ask to check UID
+	address := UserOpenID{
+		UID: openid.UID,
+	}
+	if openid.ID > 0 {
+		deleted, err = db.GetEngine(ctx).ID(openid.ID).Delete(&address)
+	} else {
+		deleted, err = db.GetEngine(ctx).
+			Where("openid=?", openid.URI).
+			Delete(&address)
+	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if deleted != 1 {
+		return ErrOpenIDNotExist
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ToggleUserOpenIDVisibility toggles visibility of an openid address of given user.
+func ToggleUserOpenIDVisibility(ctx context.Context, id int64) (err error) {
+	_, err = db.GetEngine(ctx).Exec("update `user_open_id` set `show` = not `show` where `id` = ?", id)
+	return err
+}
diff --git a/models/user/openid_test.go b/models/user/openid_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2857aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/openid_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestGetUserOpenIDs(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	oids, err := user_model.GetUserOpenIDs(db.DefaultContext, int64(1))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	if assert.Len(t, oids, 2) {
+		assert.Equal(t, "https://user1.domain1.tld/", oids[0].URI)
+		assert.False(t, oids[0].Show)
+		assert.Equal(t, "http://user1.domain2.tld/", oids[1].URI)
+		assert.True(t, oids[1].Show)
+	}
+
+	oids, err = user_model.GetUserOpenIDs(db.DefaultContext, int64(2))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	if assert.Len(t, oids, 1) {
+		assert.Equal(t, "https://domain1.tld/user2/", oids[0].URI)
+		assert.True(t, oids[0].Show)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestToggleUserOpenIDVisibility(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	oids, err := user_model.GetUserOpenIDs(db.DefaultContext, int64(2))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	if !assert.Len(t, oids, 1) {
+		return
+	}
+	assert.True(t, oids[0].Show)
+
+	err = user_model.ToggleUserOpenIDVisibility(db.DefaultContext, oids[0].ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	oids, err = user_model.GetUserOpenIDs(db.DefaultContext, int64(2))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	if !assert.Len(t, oids, 1) {
+		return
+	}
+	assert.False(t, oids[0].Show)
+	err = user_model.ToggleUserOpenIDVisibility(db.DefaultContext, oids[0].ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	oids, err = user_model.GetUserOpenIDs(db.DefaultContext, int64(2))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	if assert.Len(t, oids, 1) {
+		assert.True(t, oids[0].Show)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/models/user/redirect.go b/models/user/redirect.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a40d4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/redirect.go
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
+)
+
+// ErrUserRedirectNotExist represents a "UserRedirectNotExist" kind of error.
+type ErrUserRedirectNotExist struct {
+	Name string
+}
+
+// IsErrUserRedirectNotExist check if an error is an ErrUserRedirectNotExist.
+func IsErrUserRedirectNotExist(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrUserRedirectNotExist)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (err ErrUserRedirectNotExist) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("user redirect does not exist [name: %s]", err.Name)
+}
+
+func (err ErrUserRedirectNotExist) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrNotExist
+}
+
+// Redirect represents that a user name should be redirected to another
+type Redirect struct {
+	ID             int64  `xorm:"pk autoincr"`
+	LowerName      string `xorm:"UNIQUE(s) INDEX NOT NULL"`
+	RedirectUserID int64  // userID to redirect to
+}
+
+// TableName provides the real table name
+func (Redirect) TableName() string {
+	return "user_redirect"
+}
+
+func init() {
+	db.RegisterModel(new(Redirect))
+}
+
+// LookupUserRedirect look up userID if a user has a redirect name
+func LookupUserRedirect(ctx context.Context, userName string) (int64, error) {
+	userName = strings.ToLower(userName)
+	redirect := &Redirect{LowerName: userName}
+	if has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Get(redirect); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	} else if !has {
+		return 0, ErrUserRedirectNotExist{Name: userName}
+	}
+	return redirect.RedirectUserID, nil
+}
+
+// NewUserRedirect create a new user redirect
+func NewUserRedirect(ctx context.Context, ID int64, oldUserName, newUserName string) error {
+	oldUserName = strings.ToLower(oldUserName)
+	newUserName = strings.ToLower(newUserName)
+
+	if err := DeleteUserRedirect(ctx, oldUserName); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := DeleteUserRedirect(ctx, newUserName); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return db.Insert(ctx, &Redirect{
+		LowerName:      oldUserName,
+		RedirectUserID: ID,
+	})
+}
+
+// DeleteUserRedirect delete any redirect from the specified user name to
+// anything else
+func DeleteUserRedirect(ctx context.Context, userName string) error {
+	userName = strings.ToLower(userName)
+	_, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Delete(&Redirect{LowerName: userName})
+	return err
+}
diff --git a/models/user/redirect_test.go b/models/user/redirect_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35fd29a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/redirect_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestLookupUserRedirect(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	userID, err := user_model.LookupUserRedirect(db.DefaultContext, "olduser1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 1, userID)
+
+	_, err = user_model.LookupUserRedirect(db.DefaultContext, "doesnotexist")
+	assert.True(t, user_model.IsErrUserRedirectNotExist(err))
+}
diff --git a/models/user/search.go b/models/user/search.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04c434e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/search.go
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/container"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
+
+	"xorm.io/builder"
+	"xorm.io/xorm"
+)
+
+// SearchUserOptions contains the options for searching
+type SearchUserOptions struct {
+	db.ListOptions
+
+	Keyword       string
+	Type          UserType
+	UID           int64
+	LoginName     string // this option should be used only for admin user
+	SourceID      int64  // this option should be used only for admin user
+	OrderBy       db.SearchOrderBy
+	Visible       []structs.VisibleType
+	Actor         *User // The user doing the search
+	SearchByEmail bool  // Search by email as well as username/full name
+
+	SupportedSortOrders container.Set[string] // if not nil, only allow to use the sort orders in this set
+
+	IsActive           optional.Option[bool]
+	IsAdmin            optional.Option[bool]
+	IsRestricted       optional.Option[bool]
+	IsTwoFactorEnabled optional.Option[bool]
+	IsProhibitLogin    optional.Option[bool]
+	IncludeReserved    bool
+
+	ExtraParamStrings map[string]string
+}
+
+func (opts *SearchUserOptions) toSearchQueryBase(ctx context.Context) *xorm.Session {
+	var cond builder.Cond
+	if opts.Type == UserTypeIndividual {
+		cond = builder.In("type", UserTypeIndividual, UserTypeRemoteUser)
+	} else {
+		cond = builder.Eq{"type": opts.Type}
+	}
+	if opts.IncludeReserved {
+		if opts.Type == UserTypeIndividual {
+			cond = cond.Or(builder.Eq{"type": UserTypeUserReserved}).Or(
+				builder.Eq{"type": UserTypeBot},
+			).Or(
+				builder.Eq{"type": UserTypeRemoteUser},
+			)
+		} else if opts.Type == UserTypeOrganization {
+			cond = cond.Or(builder.Eq{"type": UserTypeOrganizationReserved})
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(opts.Keyword) > 0 {
+		lowerKeyword := strings.ToLower(opts.Keyword)
+		keywordCond := builder.Or(
+			builder.Like{"lower_name", lowerKeyword},
+			builder.Like{"LOWER(full_name)", lowerKeyword},
+		)
+		if opts.SearchByEmail {
+			keywordCond = keywordCond.Or(builder.Like{"LOWER(email)", lowerKeyword})
+		}
+
+		cond = cond.And(keywordCond)
+	}
+
+	// If visibility filtered
+	if len(opts.Visible) > 0 {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.In("visibility", opts.Visible))
+	}
+
+	cond = cond.And(BuildCanSeeUserCondition(opts.Actor))
+
+	if opts.UID > 0 {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"id": opts.UID})
+	}
+
+	if opts.SourceID > 0 {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"login_source": opts.SourceID})
+	}
+	if opts.LoginName != "" {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"login_name": opts.LoginName})
+	}
+
+	if opts.IsActive.Has() {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"is_active": opts.IsActive.Value()})
+	}
+
+	if opts.IsAdmin.Has() {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"is_admin": opts.IsAdmin.Value()})
+	}
+
+	if opts.IsRestricted.Has() {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"is_restricted": opts.IsRestricted.Value()})
+	}
+
+	if opts.IsProhibitLogin.Has() {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"prohibit_login": opts.IsProhibitLogin.Value()})
+	}
+
+	e := db.GetEngine(ctx)
+	if !opts.IsTwoFactorEnabled.Has() {
+		return e.Where(cond)
+	}
+
+	// 2fa filter uses LEFT JOIN to check whether a user has a 2fa record
+	// While using LEFT JOIN, sometimes the performance might not be good, but it won't be a problem now, such SQL is seldom executed.
+	// There are some possible methods to refactor this SQL in future when we really need to optimize the performance (but not now):
+	// (1) add a column in user table (2) add a setting value in user_setting table (3) use search engines (bleve/elasticsearch)
+	if opts.IsTwoFactorEnabled.Value() {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Expr("two_factor.uid IS NOT NULL"))
+	} else {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Expr("two_factor.uid IS NULL"))
+	}
+
+	return e.Join("LEFT OUTER", "two_factor", "two_factor.uid = `user`.id").
+		Where(cond)
+}
+
+// SearchUsers takes options i.e. keyword and part of user name to search,
+// it returns results in given range and number of total results.
+func SearchUsers(ctx context.Context, opts *SearchUserOptions) (users []*User, _ int64, _ error) {
+	sessCount := opts.toSearchQueryBase(ctx)
+	defer sessCount.Close()
+	count, err := sessCount.Count(new(User))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("count: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(opts.OrderBy) == 0 {
+		opts.OrderBy = db.SearchOrderByAlphabetically
+	}
+
+	sessQuery := opts.toSearchQueryBase(ctx).OrderBy(opts.OrderBy.String())
+	defer sessQuery.Close()
+	if opts.PageSize > 0 {
+		sessQuery = db.SetSessionPagination(sessQuery, opts)
+	}
+
+	// the sql may contain JOIN, so we must only select User related columns
+	sessQuery = sessQuery.Select("`user`.*")
+	users = make([]*User, 0, opts.PageSize)
+	return users, count, sessQuery.Find(&users)
+}
+
+// BuildCanSeeUserCondition creates a condition which can be used to restrict results to users/orgs the actor can see
+func BuildCanSeeUserCondition(actor *User) builder.Cond {
+	if actor != nil {
+		// If Admin - they see all users!
+		if !actor.IsAdmin {
+			// Users can see an organization they are a member of
+			cond := builder.In("`user`.id", builder.Select("org_id").From("org_user").Where(builder.Eq{"uid": actor.ID}))
+			if !actor.IsRestricted {
+				// Not-Restricted users can see public and limited users/organizations
+				cond = cond.Or(builder.In("`user`.visibility", structs.VisibleTypePublic, structs.VisibleTypeLimited))
+			}
+			// Don't forget about self
+			return cond.Or(builder.Eq{"`user`.id": actor.ID})
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Force visibility for privacy
+	// Not logged in - only public users
+	return builder.In("`user`.visibility", structs.VisibleTypePublic)
+}
diff --git a/models/user/setting.go b/models/user/setting.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4af0e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/setting.go
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/cache"
+	setting_module "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
+
+	"xorm.io/builder"
+)
+
+// Setting is a key value store of user settings
+type Setting struct {
+	ID           int64  `xorm:"pk autoincr"`
+	UserID       int64  `xorm:"index unique(key_userid)"`              // to load all of someone's settings
+	SettingKey   string `xorm:"varchar(255) index unique(key_userid)"` // ensure key is always lowercase
+	SettingValue string `xorm:"text"`
+}
+
+// TableName sets the table name for the settings struct
+func (s *Setting) TableName() string {
+	return "user_setting"
+}
+
+func init() {
+	db.RegisterModel(new(Setting))
+}
+
+// ErrUserSettingIsNotExist represents an error that a setting is not exist with special key
+type ErrUserSettingIsNotExist struct {
+	Key string
+}
+
+// Error implements error
+func (err ErrUserSettingIsNotExist) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Setting[%s] is not exist", err.Key)
+}
+
+func (err ErrUserSettingIsNotExist) Unwrap() error {
+	return util.ErrNotExist
+}
+
+// IsErrUserSettingIsNotExist return true if err is ErrSettingIsNotExist
+func IsErrUserSettingIsNotExist(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(ErrUserSettingIsNotExist)
+	return ok
+}
+
+// genSettingCacheKey returns the cache key for some configuration
+func genSettingCacheKey(userID int64, key string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("user_%d.setting.%s", userID, key)
+}
+
+// GetSetting returns the setting value via the key
+func GetSetting(ctx context.Context, uid int64, key string) (string, error) {
+	return cache.GetString(genSettingCacheKey(uid, key), func() (string, error) {
+		res, err := GetSettingNoCache(ctx, uid, key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		return res.SettingValue, nil
+	})
+}
+
+// GetSettingNoCache returns specific setting without using the cache
+func GetSettingNoCache(ctx context.Context, uid int64, key string) (*Setting, error) {
+	v, err := GetSettings(ctx, uid, []string{key})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(v) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrUserSettingIsNotExist{key}
+	}
+	return v[key], nil
+}
+
+// GetSettings returns specific settings from user
+func GetSettings(ctx context.Context, uid int64, keys []string) (map[string]*Setting, error) {
+	settings := make([]*Setting, 0, len(keys))
+	if err := db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Where("user_id=?", uid).
+		And(builder.In("setting_key", keys)).
+		Find(&settings); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	settingsMap := make(map[string]*Setting)
+	for _, s := range settings {
+		settingsMap[s.SettingKey] = s
+	}
+	return settingsMap, nil
+}
+
+// GetUserAllSettings returns all settings from user
+func GetUserAllSettings(ctx context.Context, uid int64) (map[string]*Setting, error) {
+	settings := make([]*Setting, 0, 5)
+	if err := db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Where("user_id=?", uid).
+		Find(&settings); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	settingsMap := make(map[string]*Setting)
+	for _, s := range settings {
+		settingsMap[s.SettingKey] = s
+	}
+	return settingsMap, nil
+}
+
+func validateUserSettingKey(key string) error {
+	if len(key) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("setting key must be set")
+	}
+	if strings.ToLower(key) != key {
+		return fmt.Errorf("setting key should be lowercase")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetUserSetting gets a specific setting for a user
+func GetUserSetting(ctx context.Context, userID int64, key string, def ...string) (string, error) {
+	if err := validateUserSettingKey(key); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	setting := &Setting{UserID: userID, SettingKey: key}
+	has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Get(setting)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	if !has {
+		if len(def) == 1 {
+			return def[0], nil
+		}
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	return setting.SettingValue, nil
+}
+
+// DeleteUserSetting deletes a specific setting for a user
+func DeleteUserSetting(ctx context.Context, userID int64, key string) error {
+	if err := validateUserSettingKey(key); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	cache.Remove(genSettingCacheKey(userID, key))
+	_, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Delete(&Setting{UserID: userID, SettingKey: key})
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// SetUserSetting updates a users' setting for a specific key
+func SetUserSetting(ctx context.Context, userID int64, key, value string) error {
+	if err := validateUserSettingKey(key); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := upsertUserSettingValue(ctx, userID, key, value); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	cc := cache.GetCache()
+	if cc != nil {
+		return cc.Put(genSettingCacheKey(userID, key), value, setting_module.CacheService.TTLSeconds())
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func upsertUserSettingValue(ctx context.Context, userID int64, key, value string) error {
+	return db.WithTx(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		e := db.GetEngine(ctx)
+
+		// here we use a general method to do a safe upsert for different databases (and most transaction levels)
+		// 1. try to UPDATE the record and acquire the transaction write lock
+		//    if UPDATE returns non-zero rows are changed, OK, the setting is saved correctly
+		//    if UPDATE returns "0 rows changed", two possibilities: (a) record doesn't exist  (b) value is not changed
+		// 2. do a SELECT to check if the row exists or not (we already have the transaction lock)
+		// 3. if the row doesn't exist, do an INSERT (we are still protected by the transaction lock, so it's safe)
+		//
+		// to optimize the SELECT in step 2, we can use an extra column like `revision=revision+1`
+		//    to make sure the UPDATE always returns a non-zero value for existing (unchanged) records.
+
+		res, err := e.Exec("UPDATE user_setting SET setting_value=? WHERE setting_key=? AND user_id=?", value, key, userID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		rows, _ := res.RowsAffected()
+		if rows > 0 {
+			// the existing row is updated, so we can return
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// in case the value isn't changed, update would return 0 rows changed, so we need this check
+		has, err := e.Exist(&Setting{UserID: userID, SettingKey: key})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if has {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// if no existing row, insert a new row
+		_, err = e.Insert(&Setting{UserID: userID, SettingKey: key, SettingValue: value})
+		return err
+	})
+}
diff --git a/models/user/setting_keys.go b/models/user/setting_keys.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e2c936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/setting_keys.go
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+const (
+	// SettingsKeyHiddenCommentTypes is the setting key for hidden comment types
+	SettingsKeyHiddenCommentTypes = "issue.hidden_comment_types"
+	// SettingsKeyDiffWhitespaceBehavior is the setting key for whitespace behavior of diff
+	SettingsKeyDiffWhitespaceBehavior = "diff.whitespace_behaviour"
+	// SettingsKeyShowOutdatedComments is the setting key whether or not to show outdated comments in PRs
+	SettingsKeyShowOutdatedComments = "comment_code.show_outdated"
+	// UserActivityPubPrivPem is user's private key
+	UserActivityPubPrivPem = "activitypub.priv_pem"
+	// UserActivityPubPubPem is user's public key
+	UserActivityPubPubPem = "activitypub.pub_pem"
+)
diff --git a/models/user/setting_test.go b/models/user/setting_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b05c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/setting_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestSettings(t *testing.T) {
+	keyName := "test_user_setting"
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	newSetting := &user_model.Setting{UserID: 99, SettingKey: keyName, SettingValue: "Gitea User Setting Test"}
+
+	// create setting
+	err := user_model.SetUserSetting(db.DefaultContext, newSetting.UserID, newSetting.SettingKey, newSetting.SettingValue)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	// test about saving unchanged values
+	err = user_model.SetUserSetting(db.DefaultContext, newSetting.UserID, newSetting.SettingKey, newSetting.SettingValue)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// get specific setting
+	settings, err := user_model.GetSettings(db.DefaultContext, 99, []string{keyName})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, settings, 1)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, newSetting.SettingValue, settings[keyName].SettingValue)
+
+	settingValue, err := user_model.GetUserSetting(db.DefaultContext, 99, keyName)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, newSetting.SettingValue, settingValue)
+
+	settingValue, err = user_model.GetUserSetting(db.DefaultContext, 99, "no_such")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, "", settingValue)
+
+	// updated setting
+	updatedSetting := &user_model.Setting{UserID: 99, SettingKey: keyName, SettingValue: "Updated"}
+	err = user_model.SetUserSetting(db.DefaultContext, updatedSetting.UserID, updatedSetting.SettingKey, updatedSetting.SettingValue)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// get all settings
+	settings, err = user_model.GetUserAllSettings(db.DefaultContext, 99)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, settings, 1)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, updatedSetting.SettingValue, settings[updatedSetting.SettingKey].SettingValue)
+
+	// delete setting
+	err = user_model.DeleteUserSetting(db.DefaultContext, 99, keyName)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	settings, err = user_model.GetUserAllSettings(db.DefaultContext, 99)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, settings)
+}
diff --git a/models/user/user.go b/models/user/user.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..382c695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/user.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1343 @@
+// Copyright 2014 The Gogs Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2019 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Forgejo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/mail"
+	"net/url"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+	"unicode"
+
+	_ "image/jpeg" // Needed for jpeg support
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/auth/openid"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/auth/password/hash"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/base"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/container"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/validation"
+
+	"golang.org/x/text/runes"
+	"golang.org/x/text/transform"
+	"golang.org/x/text/unicode/norm"
+	"xorm.io/builder"
+)
+
+// UserType defines the user type
+type UserType int //revive:disable-line:exported
+
+const (
+	// UserTypeIndividual defines an individual user
+	UserTypeIndividual UserType = iota // Historic reason to make it starts at 0.
+
+	// UserTypeOrganization defines an organization
+	UserTypeOrganization
+
+	// UserTypeUserReserved reserves a (non-existing) user, i.e. to prevent a spam user from re-registering after being deleted, or to reserve the name until the user is actually created later on
+	UserTypeUserReserved
+
+	// UserTypeOrganizationReserved reserves a (non-existing) organization, to be used in combination with UserTypeUserReserved
+	UserTypeOrganizationReserved
+
+	// UserTypeBot defines a bot user
+	UserTypeBot
+
+	// UserTypeRemoteUser defines a remote user for federated users
+	UserTypeRemoteUser
+)
+
+const (
+	// EmailNotificationsEnabled indicates that the user would like to receive all email notifications except your own
+	EmailNotificationsEnabled = "enabled"
+	// EmailNotificationsOnMention indicates that the user would like to be notified via email when mentioned.
+	EmailNotificationsOnMention = "onmention"
+	// EmailNotificationsDisabled indicates that the user would not like to be notified via email.
+	EmailNotificationsDisabled = "disabled"
+	// EmailNotificationsAndYourOwn indicates that the user would like to receive all email notifications and your own
+	EmailNotificationsAndYourOwn = "andyourown"
+)
+
+// User represents the object of individual and member of organization.
+type User struct {
+	ID        int64  `xorm:"pk autoincr"`
+	LowerName string `xorm:"UNIQUE NOT NULL"`
+	Name      string `xorm:"UNIQUE NOT NULL"`
+	FullName  string
+	// Email is the primary email address (to be used for communication)
+	Email                        string `xorm:"NOT NULL"`
+	KeepEmailPrivate             bool
+	EmailNotificationsPreference string `xorm:"VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'enabled'"`
+	Passwd                       string `xorm:"NOT NULL"`
+	PasswdHashAlgo               string `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT 'argon2'"`
+
+	// MustChangePassword is an attribute that determines if a user
+	// is to change their password after registration.
+	MustChangePassword bool `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT false"`
+
+	LoginType   auth.Type
+	LoginSource int64 `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT 0"`
+	LoginName   string
+	Type        UserType
+	Location    string
+	Website     string
+	Pronouns    string
+	Rands       string `xorm:"VARCHAR(32)"`
+	Salt        string `xorm:"VARCHAR(32)"`
+	Language    string `xorm:"VARCHAR(5)"`
+	Description string
+
+	CreatedUnix   timeutil.TimeStamp `xorm:"INDEX created"`
+	UpdatedUnix   timeutil.TimeStamp `xorm:"INDEX updated"`
+	LastLoginUnix timeutil.TimeStamp `xorm:"INDEX"`
+
+	// Remember visibility choice for convenience, true for private
+	LastRepoVisibility bool
+	// Maximum repository creation limit, -1 means use global default
+	MaxRepoCreation int `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT -1"`
+
+	// IsActive true: primary email is activated, user can access Web UI and Git SSH.
+	// false: an inactive user can only log in Web UI for account operations (ex: activate the account by email), no other access.
+	IsActive bool `xorm:"INDEX"`
+	// the user is a Gitea admin, who can access all repositories and the admin pages.
+	IsAdmin bool
+	// true: the user is only allowed to see organizations/repositories that they has explicit rights to.
+	// (ex: in private Gitea instances user won't be allowed to see even organizations/repositories that are set as public)
+	IsRestricted bool `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT false"`
+
+	AllowGitHook            bool
+	AllowImportLocal        bool // Allow migrate repository by local path
+	AllowCreateOrganization bool `xorm:"DEFAULT true"`
+
+	// true: the user is not allowed to log in Web UI. Git/SSH access could still be allowed (please refer to Git/SSH access related code/documents)
+	ProhibitLogin bool `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT false"`
+
+	// Avatar
+	Avatar          string `xorm:"VARCHAR(2048) NOT NULL"`
+	AvatarEmail     string `xorm:"NOT NULL"`
+	UseCustomAvatar bool
+
+	// For federation
+	NormalizedFederatedURI string
+
+	// Counters
+	NumFollowers int
+	NumFollowing int `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT 0"`
+	NumStars     int
+	NumRepos     int
+
+	// For organization
+	NumTeams                  int
+	NumMembers                int
+	Visibility                structs.VisibleType `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT 0"`
+	RepoAdminChangeTeamAccess bool                `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT false"`
+
+	// Preferences
+	DiffViewStyle       string `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT ''"`
+	Theme               string `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT ''"`
+	KeepActivityPrivate bool   `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT false"`
+	EnableRepoUnitHints bool   `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT true"`
+}
+
+func init() {
+	db.RegisterModel(new(User))
+}
+
+// SearchOrganizationsOptions options to filter organizations
+type SearchOrganizationsOptions struct {
+	db.ListOptions
+	All bool
+}
+
+func (u *User) LogString() string {
+	if u == nil {
+		return "<User nil>"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("<User %d:%s>", u.ID, u.Name)
+}
+
+// BeforeUpdate is invoked from XORM before updating this object.
+func (u *User) BeforeUpdate() {
+	if u.MaxRepoCreation < -1 {
+		u.MaxRepoCreation = -1
+	}
+
+	// Organization does not need email
+	u.Email = strings.ToLower(u.Email)
+	if !u.IsOrganization() {
+		if len(u.AvatarEmail) == 0 {
+			u.AvatarEmail = u.Email
+		}
+	}
+
+	u.LowerName = strings.ToLower(u.Name)
+	u.Location = base.TruncateString(u.Location, 255)
+	u.Website = base.TruncateString(u.Website, 255)
+	u.Description = base.TruncateString(u.Description, 255)
+}
+
+// AfterLoad is invoked from XORM after filling all the fields of this object.
+func (u *User) AfterLoad() {
+	if u.Theme == "" {
+		u.Theme = setting.UI.DefaultTheme
+	}
+}
+
+// SetLastLogin set time to last login
+func (u *User) SetLastLogin() {
+	u.LastLoginUnix = timeutil.TimeStampNow()
+}
+
+// GetPlaceholderEmail returns an noreply email
+func (u *User) GetPlaceholderEmail() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s@%s", u.LowerName, setting.Service.NoReplyAddress)
+}
+
+// GetEmail returns an noreply email, if the user has set to keep his
+// email address private, otherwise the primary email address.
+func (u *User) GetEmail() string {
+	if u.KeepEmailPrivate {
+		return u.GetPlaceholderEmail()
+	}
+	return u.Email
+}
+
+// GetAllUsers returns a slice of all individual users found in DB.
+func GetAllUsers(ctx context.Context) ([]*User, error) {
+	users := make([]*User, 0)
+	return users, db.GetEngine(ctx).OrderBy("id").In("type", UserTypeIndividual, UserTypeRemoteUser).Find(&users)
+}
+
+// GetAllAdmins returns a slice of all adminusers found in DB.
+func GetAllAdmins(ctx context.Context) ([]*User, error) {
+	users := make([]*User, 0)
+	return users, db.GetEngine(ctx).OrderBy("id").Where("type = ?", UserTypeIndividual).And("is_admin = ?", true).Find(&users)
+}
+
+// IsLocal returns true if user login type is LoginPlain.
+func (u *User) IsLocal() bool {
+	return u.LoginType <= auth.Plain
+}
+
+// IsOAuth2 returns true if user login type is LoginOAuth2.
+func (u *User) IsOAuth2() bool {
+	return u.LoginType == auth.OAuth2
+}
+
+// MaxCreationLimit returns the number of repositories a user is allowed to create
+func (u *User) MaxCreationLimit() int {
+	if u.MaxRepoCreation <= -1 {
+		return setting.Repository.MaxCreationLimit
+	}
+	return u.MaxRepoCreation
+}
+
+// CanCreateRepo returns if user login can create a repository
+// NOTE: functions calling this assume a failure due to repository count limit; if new checks are added, those functions should be revised
+func (u *User) CanCreateRepo() bool {
+	if u.IsAdmin {
+		return true
+	}
+	if u.MaxRepoCreation <= -1 {
+		if setting.Repository.MaxCreationLimit <= -1 {
+			return true
+		}
+		return u.NumRepos < setting.Repository.MaxCreationLimit
+	}
+	return u.NumRepos < u.MaxRepoCreation
+}
+
+// CanCreateOrganization returns true if user can create organisation.
+func (u *User) CanCreateOrganization() bool {
+	return u.IsAdmin || (u.AllowCreateOrganization && !setting.Admin.DisableRegularOrgCreation)
+}
+
+// CanEditGitHook returns true if user can edit Git hooks.
+func (u *User) CanEditGitHook() bool {
+	return !setting.DisableGitHooks && (u.IsAdmin || u.AllowGitHook)
+}
+
+// CanForkRepo returns if user login can fork a repository
+// It checks especially that the user can create repos, and potentially more
+func (u *User) CanForkRepo() bool {
+	if setting.Repository.AllowForkWithoutMaximumLimit {
+		return true
+	}
+	return u.CanCreateRepo()
+}
+
+// CanImportLocal returns true if user can migrate repository by local path.
+func (u *User) CanImportLocal() bool {
+	if !setting.ImportLocalPaths || u == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return u.IsAdmin || u.AllowImportLocal
+}
+
+// DashboardLink returns the user dashboard page link.
+func (u *User) DashboardLink() string {
+	if u.IsOrganization() {
+		return u.OrganisationLink() + "/dashboard"
+	}
+	return setting.AppSubURL + "/"
+}
+
+// HomeLink returns the user or organization home page link.
+func (u *User) HomeLink() string {
+	return setting.AppSubURL + "/" + url.PathEscape(u.Name)
+}
+
+// HTMLURL returns the user or organization's full link.
+func (u *User) HTMLURL() string {
+	return setting.AppURL + url.PathEscape(u.Name)
+}
+
+// APActorID returns the IRI to the api endpoint of the user
+func (u *User) APActorID() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%vapi/v1/activitypub/user-id/%v", setting.AppURL, url.PathEscape(fmt.Sprintf("%v", u.ID)))
+}
+
+// OrganisationLink returns the organization sub page link.
+func (u *User) OrganisationLink() string {
+	return setting.AppSubURL + "/org/" + url.PathEscape(u.Name)
+}
+
+// GenerateEmailActivateCode generates an activate code based on user information and given e-mail.
+func (u *User) GenerateEmailActivateCode(email string) string {
+	code := base.CreateTimeLimitCode(
+		fmt.Sprintf("%d%s%s%s%s", u.ID, email, u.LowerName, u.Passwd, u.Rands),
+		setting.Service.ActiveCodeLives, time.Now(), nil)
+
+	// Add tail hex username
+	code += hex.EncodeToString([]byte(u.LowerName))
+	return code
+}
+
+// GetUserFollowers returns range of user's followers.
+func GetUserFollowers(ctx context.Context, u, viewer *User, listOptions db.ListOptions) ([]*User, int64, error) {
+	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Select("`user`.*").
+		Join("LEFT", "follow", "`user`.id=follow.user_id").
+		Where("follow.follow_id=?", u.ID).
+		And("`user`.type=?", UserTypeIndividual).
+		And(isUserVisibleToViewerCond(viewer))
+
+	if listOptions.Page != 0 {
+		sess = db.SetSessionPagination(sess, &listOptions)
+
+		users := make([]*User, 0, listOptions.PageSize)
+		count, err := sess.FindAndCount(&users)
+		return users, count, err
+	}
+
+	users := make([]*User, 0, 8)
+	count, err := sess.FindAndCount(&users)
+	return users, count, err
+}
+
+// GetUserFollowing returns range of user's following.
+func GetUserFollowing(ctx context.Context, u, viewer *User, listOptions db.ListOptions) ([]*User, int64, error) {
+	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Select("`user`.*").
+		Join("LEFT", "follow", "`user`.id=follow.follow_id").
+		Where("follow.user_id=?", u.ID).
+		And("`user`.type IN (?, ?)", UserTypeIndividual, UserTypeOrganization).
+		And(isUserVisibleToViewerCond(viewer))
+
+	if listOptions.Page != 0 {
+		sess = db.SetSessionPagination(sess, &listOptions)
+
+		users := make([]*User, 0, listOptions.PageSize)
+		count, err := sess.FindAndCount(&users)
+		return users, count, err
+	}
+
+	users := make([]*User, 0, 8)
+	count, err := sess.FindAndCount(&users)
+	return users, count, err
+}
+
+// NewGitSig generates and returns the signature of given user.
+func (u *User) NewGitSig() *git.Signature {
+	return &git.Signature{
+		Name:  u.GitName(),
+		Email: u.GetEmail(),
+		When:  time.Now(),
+	}
+}
+
+// SetPassword hashes a password using the algorithm defined in the config value of PASSWORD_HASH_ALGO
+// change passwd, salt and passwd_hash_algo fields
+func (u *User) SetPassword(passwd string) (err error) {
+	// Invalidate all authentication tokens for this user.
+	if err := auth.DeleteAuthTokenByUser(db.DefaultContext, u.ID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if u.Salt, err = GetUserSalt(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if u.Passwd, err = hash.Parse(setting.PasswordHashAlgo).Hash(passwd, u.Salt); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	u.PasswdHashAlgo = setting.PasswordHashAlgo
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ValidatePassword checks if the given password matches the one belonging to the user.
+func (u *User) ValidatePassword(passwd string) bool {
+	return hash.Parse(u.PasswdHashAlgo).VerifyPassword(passwd, u.Passwd, u.Salt)
+}
+
+// IsPasswordSet checks if the password is set or left empty
+func (u *User) IsPasswordSet() bool {
+	return len(u.Passwd) != 0
+}
+
+// IsOrganization returns true if user is actually a organization.
+func (u *User) IsOrganization() bool {
+	return u.Type == UserTypeOrganization
+}
+
+// IsIndividual returns true if user is actually a individual user.
+func (u *User) IsIndividual() bool {
+	return u.Type == UserTypeIndividual
+}
+
+func (u *User) IsUser() bool {
+	return u.Type == UserTypeIndividual || u.Type == UserTypeBot
+}
+
+// IsBot returns whether or not the user is of type bot
+func (u *User) IsBot() bool {
+	return u.Type == UserTypeBot
+}
+
+func (u *User) IsRemote() bool {
+	return u.Type == UserTypeRemoteUser
+}
+
+// DisplayName returns full name if it's not empty,
+// returns username otherwise.
+func (u *User) DisplayName() string {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(u.FullName)
+	if len(trimmed) > 0 {
+		return trimmed
+	}
+	return u.Name
+}
+
+var emailToReplacer = strings.NewReplacer(
+	"\n", "",
+	"\r", "",
+	"<", "",
+	">", "",
+	",", "",
+	":", "",
+	";", "",
+)
+
+// EmailTo returns a string suitable to be put into a e-mail `To:` header.
+func (u *User) EmailTo(overrideMail ...string) string {
+	sanitizedDisplayName := emailToReplacer.Replace(u.DisplayName())
+
+	email := u.Email
+	if len(overrideMail) > 0 {
+		email = overrideMail[0]
+	}
+
+	// should be an edge case but nice to have
+	if sanitizedDisplayName == email {
+		return email
+	}
+
+	address, err := mail.ParseAddress(fmt.Sprintf("%s <%s>", sanitizedDisplayName, email))
+	if err != nil {
+		return email
+	}
+
+	return address.String()
+}
+
+// GetDisplayName returns full name if it's not empty and DEFAULT_SHOW_FULL_NAME is set,
+// returns username otherwise.
+func (u *User) GetDisplayName() string {
+	if setting.UI.DefaultShowFullName {
+		trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(u.FullName)
+		if len(trimmed) > 0 {
+			return trimmed
+		}
+	}
+	return u.Name
+}
+
+// GetCompleteName returns the full name and username in the form of
+// "Full Name (username)" if full name is not empty, otherwise it returns
+// "username".
+func (u *User) GetCompleteName() string {
+	trimmedFullName := strings.TrimSpace(u.FullName)
+	if len(trimmedFullName) > 0 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s (%s)", trimmedFullName, u.Name)
+	}
+	return u.Name
+}
+
+func gitSafeName(name string) string {
+	return strings.TrimSpace(strings.NewReplacer("\n", "", "<", "", ">", "").Replace(name))
+}
+
+// GitName returns a git safe name
+func (u *User) GitName() string {
+	gitName := gitSafeName(u.FullName)
+	if len(gitName) > 0 {
+		return gitName
+	}
+	// Although u.Name should be safe if created in our system
+	// LDAP users may have bad names
+	gitName = gitSafeName(u.Name)
+	if len(gitName) > 0 {
+		return gitName
+	}
+	// Totally pathological name so it's got to be:
+	return fmt.Sprintf("user-%d", u.ID)
+}
+
+// ShortName ellipses username to length
+func (u *User) ShortName(length int) string {
+	if setting.UI.DefaultShowFullName && len(u.FullName) > 0 {
+		return base.EllipsisString(u.FullName, length)
+	}
+	return base.EllipsisString(u.Name, length)
+}
+
+// IsMailable checks if a user is eligible
+// to receive emails.
+func (u *User) IsMailable() bool {
+	return u.IsActive
+}
+
+// IsUserExist checks if given user name exist,
+// the user name should be noncased unique.
+// If uid is presented, then check will rule out that one,
+// it is used when update a user name in settings page.
+func IsUserExist(ctx context.Context, uid int64, name string) (bool, error) {
+	if len(name) == 0 {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	return db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Where("id!=?", uid).
+		Get(&User{LowerName: strings.ToLower(name)})
+}
+
+// Note: As of the beginning of 2022, it is recommended to use at least
+// 64 bits of salt, but NIST is already recommending to use to 128 bits.
+// (16 bytes = 16 * 8 = 128 bits)
+const SaltByteLength = 16
+
+// GetUserSalt returns a random user salt token.
+func GetUserSalt() (string, error) {
+	rBytes, err := util.CryptoRandomBytes(SaltByteLength)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	// Returns a 32 bytes long string.
+	return hex.EncodeToString(rBytes), nil
+}
+
+// Note: The set of characters here can safely expand without a breaking change,
+// but characters removed from this set can cause user account linking to break
+var (
+	customCharsReplacement    = strings.NewReplacer("Æ", "AE")
+	removeCharsRE             = regexp.MustCompile(`['´\x60]`)
+	removeDiacriticsTransform = transform.Chain(norm.NFD, runes.Remove(runes.In(unicode.Mn)), norm.NFC)
+	replaceCharsHyphenRE      = regexp.MustCompile(`[\s~+]`)
+)
+
+// normalizeUserName returns a string with single-quotes and diacritics
+// removed, and any other non-supported username characters replaced with
+// a `-` character
+func NormalizeUserName(s string) (string, error) {
+	strDiacriticsRemoved, n, err := transform.String(removeDiacriticsTransform, customCharsReplacement.Replace(s))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("Failed to normalize character `%v` in provided username `%v`", s[n], s)
+	}
+	return replaceCharsHyphenRE.ReplaceAllLiteralString(removeCharsRE.ReplaceAllLiteralString(strDiacriticsRemoved, ""), "-"), nil
+}
+
+var (
+	reservedUsernames = []string{
+		".",
+		"..",
+		".well-known",
+		"admin",
+		"api",
+		"assets",
+		"attachments",
+		"avatar",
+		"avatars",
+		"captcha",
+		"commits",
+		"debug",
+		"devtest",
+		"error",
+		"explore",
+		"favicon.ico",
+		"ghost",
+		"issues",
+		"login",
+		"manifest.json",
+		"metrics",
+		"milestones",
+		"new",
+		"notifications",
+		"org",
+		"pulls",
+		"raw",
+		"repo",
+		"repo-avatars",
+		"robots.txt",
+		"search",
+		"serviceworker.js",
+		"ssh_info",
+		"swagger.v1.json",
+		"user",
+		"v2",
+		"gitea-actions",
+		"forgejo-actions",
+	}
+
+	// DON'T ADD ANY NEW STUFF, WE SOLVE THIS WITH `/user/{obj}` PATHS!
+	reservedUserPatterns = []string{"*.keys", "*.gpg", "*.rss", "*.atom", "*.png"}
+)
+
+// IsUsableUsername returns an error when a username is reserved
+func IsUsableUsername(name string) error {
+	// Validate username make sure it satisfies requirement.
+	if !validation.IsValidUsername(name) {
+		// Note: usually this error is normally caught up earlier in the UI
+		return db.ErrNameCharsNotAllowed{Name: name}
+	}
+	return db.IsUsableName(reservedUsernames, reservedUserPatterns, name)
+}
+
+// CreateUserOverwriteOptions are an optional options who overwrite system defaults on user creation
+type CreateUserOverwriteOptions struct {
+	KeepEmailPrivate             optional.Option[bool]
+	Visibility                   *structs.VisibleType
+	AllowCreateOrganization      optional.Option[bool]
+	EmailNotificationsPreference *string
+	MaxRepoCreation              *int
+	Theme                        *string
+	IsRestricted                 optional.Option[bool]
+	IsActive                     optional.Option[bool]
+}
+
+// CreateUser creates record of a new user.
+func CreateUser(ctx context.Context, u *User, overwriteDefault ...*CreateUserOverwriteOptions) (err error) {
+	return createUser(ctx, u, false, overwriteDefault...)
+}
+
+// AdminCreateUser is used by admins to manually create users
+func AdminCreateUser(ctx context.Context, u *User, overwriteDefault ...*CreateUserOverwriteOptions) (err error) {
+	return createUser(ctx, u, true, overwriteDefault...)
+}
+
+// createUser creates record of a new user.
+func createUser(ctx context.Context, u *User, createdByAdmin bool, overwriteDefault ...*CreateUserOverwriteOptions) (err error) {
+	if err = IsUsableUsername(u.Name); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// set system defaults
+	u.KeepEmailPrivate = setting.Service.DefaultKeepEmailPrivate
+	u.Visibility = setting.Service.DefaultUserVisibilityMode
+	u.AllowCreateOrganization = setting.Service.DefaultAllowCreateOrganization && !setting.Admin.DisableRegularOrgCreation
+	u.EmailNotificationsPreference = setting.Admin.DefaultEmailNotification
+	u.MaxRepoCreation = -1
+	u.Theme = setting.UI.DefaultTheme
+	u.IsRestricted = setting.Service.DefaultUserIsRestricted
+	u.IsActive = !(setting.Service.RegisterEmailConfirm || setting.Service.RegisterManualConfirm)
+
+	// Ensure consistency of the dates.
+	if u.UpdatedUnix < u.CreatedUnix {
+		u.UpdatedUnix = u.CreatedUnix
+	}
+
+	// overwrite defaults if set
+	if len(overwriteDefault) != 0 && overwriteDefault[0] != nil {
+		overwrite := overwriteDefault[0]
+		if overwrite.KeepEmailPrivate.Has() {
+			u.KeepEmailPrivate = overwrite.KeepEmailPrivate.Value()
+		}
+		if overwrite.Visibility != nil {
+			u.Visibility = *overwrite.Visibility
+		}
+		if overwrite.AllowCreateOrganization.Has() {
+			u.AllowCreateOrganization = overwrite.AllowCreateOrganization.Value()
+		}
+		if overwrite.EmailNotificationsPreference != nil {
+			u.EmailNotificationsPreference = *overwrite.EmailNotificationsPreference
+		}
+		if overwrite.MaxRepoCreation != nil {
+			u.MaxRepoCreation = *overwrite.MaxRepoCreation
+		}
+		if overwrite.Theme != nil {
+			u.Theme = *overwrite.Theme
+		}
+		if overwrite.IsRestricted.Has() {
+			u.IsRestricted = overwrite.IsRestricted.Value()
+		}
+		if overwrite.IsActive.Has() {
+			u.IsActive = overwrite.IsActive.Value()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// validate data
+	if err := ValidateUser(u); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if createdByAdmin {
+		if err := ValidateEmailForAdmin(u.Email); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		if err := ValidateEmail(u.Email); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer committer.Close()
+
+	isExist, err := IsUserExist(ctx, 0, u.Name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if isExist {
+		return ErrUserAlreadyExist{u.Name}
+	}
+
+	isExist, err = IsEmailUsed(ctx, u.Email)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if isExist {
+		return ErrEmailAlreadyUsed{
+			Email: u.Email,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// prepare for database
+
+	u.LowerName = strings.ToLower(u.Name)
+	u.AvatarEmail = u.Email
+	if u.Rands, err = GetUserSalt(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if u.Passwd != "" {
+		if err = u.SetPassword(u.Passwd); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		u.Salt = ""
+		u.PasswdHashAlgo = ""
+	}
+
+	// save changes to database
+
+	if err = DeleteUserRedirect(ctx, u.Name); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if u.CreatedUnix == 0 {
+		// Caller expects auto-time for creation & update timestamps.
+		err = db.Insert(ctx, u)
+	} else {
+		// Caller sets the timestamps themselves. They are responsible for ensuring
+		// both `CreatedUnix` and `UpdatedUnix` are set appropriately.
+		_, err = db.GetEngine(ctx).NoAutoTime().Insert(u)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// insert email address
+	if err := db.Insert(ctx, &EmailAddress{
+		UID:         u.ID,
+		Email:       u.Email,
+		LowerEmail:  strings.ToLower(u.Email),
+		IsActivated: u.IsActive,
+		IsPrimary:   true,
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return committer.Commit()
+}
+
+// IsLastAdminUser check whether user is the last admin
+func IsLastAdminUser(ctx context.Context, user *User) bool {
+	if user.IsAdmin && CountUsers(ctx, &CountUserFilter{IsAdmin: optional.Some(true)}) <= 1 {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// CountUserFilter represent optional filters for CountUsers
+type CountUserFilter struct {
+	LastLoginSince *int64
+	IsAdmin        optional.Option[bool]
+}
+
+// CountUsers returns number of users.
+func CountUsers(ctx context.Context, opts *CountUserFilter) int64 {
+	return countUsers(ctx, opts)
+}
+
+func countUsers(ctx context.Context, opts *CountUserFilter) int64 {
+	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx)
+	cond := builder.NewCond()
+	cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"type": UserTypeIndividual})
+
+	if opts != nil {
+		if opts.LastLoginSince != nil {
+			cond = cond.And(builder.Gte{"last_login_unix": *opts.LastLoginSince})
+		}
+
+		if opts.IsAdmin.Has() {
+			cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"is_admin": opts.IsAdmin.Value()})
+		}
+	}
+
+	count, err := sess.Where(cond).Count(new(User))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("user.countUsers: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return count
+}
+
+// GetVerifyUser get user by verify code
+func GetVerifyUser(ctx context.Context, code string) (user *User) {
+	if len(code) <= base.TimeLimitCodeLength {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// use tail hex username query user
+	hexStr := code[base.TimeLimitCodeLength:]
+	if b, err := hex.DecodeString(hexStr); err == nil {
+		if user, err = GetUserByName(ctx, string(b)); user != nil {
+			return user
+		}
+		log.Error("user.getVerifyUser: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// VerifyUserActiveCode verifies active code when active account
+func VerifyUserActiveCode(ctx context.Context, code string) (user *User) {
+	if user = GetVerifyUser(ctx, code); user != nil {
+		// time limit code
+		prefix := code[:base.TimeLimitCodeLength]
+		data := fmt.Sprintf("%d%s%s%s%s", user.ID, user.Email, user.LowerName, user.Passwd, user.Rands)
+		if base.VerifyTimeLimitCode(time.Now(), data, setting.Service.ActiveCodeLives, prefix) {
+			return user
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ValidateUser check if user is valid to insert / update into database
+func ValidateUser(u *User, cols ...string) error {
+	if len(cols) == 0 || util.SliceContainsString(cols, "visibility", true) {
+		if !setting.Service.AllowedUserVisibilityModesSlice.IsAllowedVisibility(u.Visibility) && !u.IsOrganization() {
+			return fmt.Errorf("visibility Mode not allowed: %s", u.Visibility.String())
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (u User) Validate() []string {
+	var result []string
+	if err := ValidateUser(&u); err != nil {
+		result = append(result, err.Error())
+	}
+	if err := ValidateEmail(u.Email); err != nil {
+		result = append(result, err.Error())
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// UpdateUserCols update user according special columns
+func UpdateUserCols(ctx context.Context, u *User, cols ...string) error {
+	if err := ValidateUser(u, cols...); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	_, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).ID(u.ID).Cols(cols...).Update(u)
+	return err
+}
+
+// GetInactiveUsers gets all inactive users
+func GetInactiveUsers(ctx context.Context, olderThan time.Duration) ([]*User, error) {
+	var cond builder.Cond = builder.Eq{"is_active": false}
+
+	if olderThan > 0 {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Lt{"created_unix": time.Now().Add(-olderThan).Unix()})
+	}
+
+	users := make([]*User, 0, 10)
+	return users, db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Where(cond).
+		Find(&users)
+}
+
+// UserPath returns the path absolute path of user repositories.
+func UserPath(userName string) string { //revive:disable-line:exported
+	return filepath.Join(setting.RepoRootPath, strings.ToLower(userName))
+}
+
+// GetUserByID returns the user object by given ID if exists.
+func GetUserByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*User, error) {
+	u := new(User)
+	has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).ID(id).Get(u)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if !has {
+		return nil, ErrUserNotExist{UID: id}
+	}
+	return u, nil
+}
+
+// GetUserByIDs returns the user objects by given IDs if exists.
+func GetUserByIDs(ctx context.Context, ids []int64) ([]*User, error) {
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	users := make([]*User, 0, len(ids))
+	err := db.GetEngine(ctx).In("id", ids).
+		Table("user").
+		Find(&users)
+	return users, err
+}
+
+func IsValidUserID(id int64) bool {
+	return id > 0 || id == GhostUserID || id == ActionsUserID
+}
+
+func GetUserFromMap(id int64, idMap map[int64]*User) (int64, *User) {
+	if user, ok := idMap[id]; ok {
+		return id, user
+	}
+	if id == ActionsUserID {
+		return ActionsUserID, NewActionsUser()
+	}
+	return GhostUserID, NewGhostUser()
+}
+
+// GetPossibleUserByID returns the user if id > 0 or return system usrs if id < 0
+func GetPossibleUserByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*User, error) {
+	switch id {
+	case GhostUserID:
+		return NewGhostUser(), nil
+	case ActionsUserID:
+		return NewActionsUser(), nil
+	case 0:
+		return nil, ErrUserNotExist{}
+	default:
+		return GetUserByID(ctx, id)
+	}
+}
+
+// GetPossibleUserByIDs returns the users if id > 0 or return system users if id < 0
+func GetPossibleUserByIDs(ctx context.Context, ids []int64) ([]*User, error) {
+	uniqueIDs := container.SetOf(ids...)
+	users := make([]*User, 0, len(ids))
+	_ = uniqueIDs.Remove(0)
+	if uniqueIDs.Remove(GhostUserID) {
+		users = append(users, NewGhostUser())
+	}
+	if uniqueIDs.Remove(ActionsUserID) {
+		users = append(users, NewActionsUser())
+	}
+	res, err := GetUserByIDs(ctx, uniqueIDs.Values())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	users = append(users, res...)
+	return users, nil
+}
+
+// GetUserByNameCtx returns user by given name.
+func GetUserByName(ctx context.Context, name string) (*User, error) {
+	if len(name) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrUserNotExist{Name: name}
+	}
+	// adding Type: UserTypeIndividual is a noop because it is zero and discarded
+	u := &User{LowerName: strings.ToLower(name)}
+	has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Get(u)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if !has {
+		return nil, ErrUserNotExist{Name: name}
+	}
+	return u, nil
+}
+
+// GetUserEmailsByNames returns a list of e-mails corresponds to names of users
+// that have their email notifications set to enabled or onmention.
+func GetUserEmailsByNames(ctx context.Context, names []string) []string {
+	mails := make([]string, 0, len(names))
+	for _, name := range names {
+		u, err := GetUserByName(ctx, name)
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if u.IsMailable() && u.EmailNotificationsPreference != EmailNotificationsDisabled {
+			mails = append(mails, u.Email)
+		}
+	}
+	return mails
+}
+
+// GetMaileableUsersByIDs gets users from ids, but only if they can receive mails
+func GetMaileableUsersByIDs(ctx context.Context, ids []int64, isMention bool) ([]*User, error) {
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	ous := make([]*User, 0, len(ids))
+
+	if isMention {
+		return ous, db.GetEngine(ctx).
+			In("id", ids).
+			Where("`type` = ?", UserTypeIndividual).
+			And("`prohibit_login` = ?", false).
+			And("`is_active` = ?", true).
+			In("`email_notifications_preference`", EmailNotificationsEnabled, EmailNotificationsOnMention, EmailNotificationsAndYourOwn).
+			Find(&ous)
+	}
+
+	return ous, db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		In("id", ids).
+		Where("`type` = ?", UserTypeIndividual).
+		And("`prohibit_login` = ?", false).
+		And("`is_active` = ?", true).
+		In("`email_notifications_preference`", EmailNotificationsEnabled, EmailNotificationsAndYourOwn).
+		Find(&ous)
+}
+
+// GetUserNamesByIDs returns usernames for all resolved users from a list of Ids.
+func GetUserNamesByIDs(ctx context.Context, ids []int64) ([]string, error) {
+	unames := make([]string, 0, len(ids))
+	err := db.GetEngine(ctx).In("id", ids).
+		Table("user").
+		Asc("name").
+		Cols("name").
+		Find(&unames)
+	return unames, err
+}
+
+// GetUserNameByID returns username for the id
+func GetUserNameByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (string, error) {
+	var name string
+	has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Table("user").Where("id = ?", id).Cols("name").Get(&name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	if has {
+		return name, nil
+	}
+	return "", nil
+}
+
+// GetUserIDsByNames returns a slice of ids corresponds to names.
+func GetUserIDsByNames(ctx context.Context, names []string, ignoreNonExistent bool) ([]int64, error) {
+	ids := make([]int64, 0, len(names))
+	for _, name := range names {
+		u, err := GetUserByName(ctx, name)
+		if err != nil {
+			if ignoreNonExistent {
+				continue
+			}
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		ids = append(ids, u.ID)
+	}
+	return ids, nil
+}
+
+// GetUsersBySource returns a list of Users for a login source
+func GetUsersBySource(ctx context.Context, s *auth.Source) ([]*User, error) {
+	var users []*User
+	err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("login_type = ? AND login_source = ?", s.Type, s.ID).Find(&users)
+	return users, err
+}
+
+// UserCommit represents a commit with validation of user.
+type UserCommit struct { //revive:disable-line:exported
+	User *User
+	*git.Commit
+}
+
+// ValidateCommitWithEmail check if author's e-mail of commit is corresponding to a user.
+func ValidateCommitWithEmail(ctx context.Context, c *git.Commit) *User {
+	if c.Author == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	u, err := GetUserByEmail(ctx, c.Author.Email)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return u
+}
+
+// ValidateCommitsWithEmails checks if authors' e-mails of commits are corresponding to users.
+func ValidateCommitsWithEmails(ctx context.Context, oldCommits []*git.Commit) []*UserCommit {
+	var (
+		emails     = make(map[string]*User)
+		newCommits = make([]*UserCommit, 0, len(oldCommits))
+	)
+	for _, c := range oldCommits {
+		var u *User
+		if c.Author != nil {
+			if v, ok := emails[c.Author.Email]; !ok {
+				u, _ = GetUserByEmail(ctx, c.Author.Email)
+				emails[c.Author.Email] = u
+			} else {
+				u = v
+			}
+		}
+
+		newCommits = append(newCommits, &UserCommit{
+			User:   u,
+			Commit: c,
+		})
+	}
+	return newCommits
+}
+
+// GetUserByEmail returns the user object by given e-mail if exists.
+func GetUserByEmail(ctx context.Context, email string) (*User, error) {
+	if len(email) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrUserNotExist{Name: email}
+	}
+
+	email = strings.ToLower(email)
+	// Otherwise, check in alternative list for activated email addresses
+	emailAddress := &EmailAddress{LowerEmail: email, IsActivated: true}
+	has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Get(emailAddress)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if has {
+		return GetUserByID(ctx, emailAddress.UID)
+	}
+
+	// Finally, if email address is the protected email address:
+	if strings.HasSuffix(email, fmt.Sprintf("@%s", setting.Service.NoReplyAddress)) {
+		username := strings.TrimSuffix(email, fmt.Sprintf("@%s", setting.Service.NoReplyAddress))
+		user := &User{}
+		has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("lower_name=?", username).Get(user)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if has {
+			return user, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil, ErrUserNotExist{Name: email}
+}
+
+// GetUser checks if a user already exists
+func GetUser(ctx context.Context, user *User) (bool, error) {
+	return db.GetEngine(ctx).Get(user)
+}
+
+// GetUserByOpenID returns the user object by given OpenID if exists.
+func GetUserByOpenID(ctx context.Context, uri string) (*User, error) {
+	if len(uri) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrUserNotExist{Name: uri}
+	}
+
+	uri, err := openid.Normalize(uri)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	log.Trace("Normalized OpenID URI: " + uri)
+
+	// Otherwise, check in openid table
+	oid := &UserOpenID{}
+	has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("uri=?", uri).Get(oid)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if has {
+		return GetUserByID(ctx, oid.UID)
+	}
+
+	return nil, ErrUserNotExist{Name: uri}
+}
+
+// GetAdminUser returns the first administrator
+func GetAdminUser(ctx context.Context) (*User, error) {
+	var admin User
+	has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).
+		Where("is_admin=?", true).
+		Asc("id"). // Reliably get the admin with the lowest ID.
+		Get(&admin)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if !has {
+		return nil, ErrUserNotExist{}
+	}
+
+	return &admin, nil
+}
+
+func isUserVisibleToViewerCond(viewer *User) builder.Cond {
+	if viewer != nil && viewer.IsAdmin {
+		return builder.NewCond()
+	}
+
+	if viewer == nil || viewer.IsRestricted {
+		return builder.Eq{
+			"`user`.visibility": structs.VisibleTypePublic,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return builder.Neq{
+		"`user`.visibility": structs.VisibleTypePrivate,
+	}.Or(
+		// viewer self
+		builder.Eq{"`user`.id": viewer.ID},
+		// viewer's following
+		builder.In("`user`.id",
+			builder.
+				Select("`follow`.user_id").
+				From("follow").
+				Where(builder.Eq{"`follow`.follow_id": viewer.ID})),
+		// viewer's org user
+		builder.In("`user`.id",
+			builder.
+				Select("`team_user`.uid").
+				From("team_user").
+				Join("INNER", "`team_user` AS t2", "`team_user`.org_id = `t2`.org_id").
+				Where(builder.Eq{"`t2`.uid": viewer.ID})),
+		// viewer's org
+		builder.In("`user`.id",
+			builder.
+				Select("`team_user`.org_id").
+				From("team_user").
+				Where(builder.Eq{"`team_user`.uid": viewer.ID})))
+}
+
+// IsUserVisibleToViewer check if viewer is able to see user profile
+func IsUserVisibleToViewer(ctx context.Context, u, viewer *User) bool {
+	if viewer != nil && (viewer.IsAdmin || viewer.ID == u.ID) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	switch u.Visibility {
+	case structs.VisibleTypePublic:
+		return true
+	case structs.VisibleTypeLimited:
+		if viewer == nil || viewer.IsRestricted {
+			return false
+		}
+		return true
+	case structs.VisibleTypePrivate:
+		if viewer == nil || viewer.IsRestricted {
+			return false
+		}
+
+		// If they follow - they see each over
+		follower := IsFollowing(ctx, u.ID, viewer.ID)
+		if follower {
+			return true
+		}
+
+		// Now we need to check if they in some organization together
+		count, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Table("team_user").
+			Where(
+				builder.And(
+					builder.Eq{"uid": viewer.ID},
+					builder.Or(
+						builder.Eq{"org_id": u.ID},
+						builder.In("org_id",
+							builder.Select("org_id").
+								From("team_user", "t2").
+								Where(builder.Eq{"uid": u.ID}))))).
+			Count()
+		if err != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+
+		if count == 0 {
+			// No common organization
+			return false
+		}
+
+		// they are in an organization together
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// CountWrongUserType count OrgUser who have wrong type
+func CountWrongUserType(ctx context.Context) (int64, error) {
+	return db.GetEngine(ctx).Where(builder.Eq{"type": 0}.And(builder.Neq{"num_teams": 0})).Count(new(User))
+}
+
+// FixWrongUserType fix OrgUser who have wrong type
+func FixWrongUserType(ctx context.Context) (int64, error) {
+	return db.GetEngine(ctx).Where(builder.Eq{"type": 0}.And(builder.Neq{"num_teams": 0})).Cols("type").NoAutoTime().Update(&User{Type: 1})
+}
+
+func GetOrderByName() string {
+	if setting.UI.DefaultShowFullName {
+		return "full_name, name"
+	}
+	return "name"
+}
+
+// IsFeatureDisabledWithLoginType checks if a user feature is disabled, taking into account the login type of the
+// user if applicable
+func IsFeatureDisabledWithLoginType(user *User, feature string) bool {
+	// NOTE: in the long run it may be better to check the ExternalLoginUser table rather than user.LoginType
+	return (user != nil && user.LoginType > auth.Plain && setting.Admin.ExternalUserDisableFeatures.Contains(feature)) ||
+		setting.Admin.UserDisabledFeatures.Contains(feature)
+}
+
+// DisabledFeaturesWithLoginType returns the set of user features disabled, taking into account the login type
+// of the user if applicable
+func DisabledFeaturesWithLoginType(user *User) *container.Set[string] {
+	// NOTE: in the long run it may be better to check the ExternalLoginUser table rather than user.LoginType
+	if user != nil && user.LoginType > auth.Plain {
+		return &setting.Admin.ExternalUserDisableFeatures
+	}
+	return &setting.Admin.UserDisabledFeatures
+}
diff --git a/models/user/user_repository.go b/models/user/user_repository.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c06441b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/user_repository.go
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Forgejo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/validation"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	db.RegisterModel(new(FederatedUser))
+}
+
+func CreateFederatedUser(ctx context.Context, user *User, federatedUser *FederatedUser) error {
+	if res, err := validation.IsValid(user); !res {
+		return err
+	}
+	overwrite := CreateUserOverwriteOptions{
+		IsActive:     optional.Some(false),
+		IsRestricted: optional.Some(false),
+	}
+
+	// Begin transaction
+	ctx, committer, err := db.TxContext((ctx))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer committer.Close()
+
+	if err := CreateUser(ctx, user, &overwrite); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	federatedUser.UserID = user.ID
+	if res, err := validation.IsValid(federatedUser); !res {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.GetEngine(ctx).Insert(federatedUser)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Commit transaction
+	return committer.Commit()
+}
+
+func FindFederatedUser(ctx context.Context, externalID string,
+	federationHostID int64,
+) (*User, *FederatedUser, error) {
+	federatedUser := new(FederatedUser)
+	user := new(User)
+	has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("external_id=? and federation_host_id=?", externalID, federationHostID).Get(federatedUser)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	} else if !has {
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+	has, err = db.GetEngine(ctx).ID(federatedUser.UserID).Get(user)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	} else if !has {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("User %v for federated user is missing", federatedUser.UserID)
+	}
+
+	if res, err := validation.IsValid(*user); !res {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if res, err := validation.IsValid(*federatedUser); !res {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	return user, federatedUser, nil
+}
+
+func DeleteFederatedUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	_, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Delete(&FederatedUser{UserID: userID})
+	return err
+}
diff --git a/models/user/user_system.go b/models/user/user_system.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba9a213
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/user_system.go
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
+)
+
+const (
+	GhostUserID        = -1
+	GhostUserName      = "Ghost"
+	GhostUserLowerName = "ghost"
+)
+
+// NewGhostUser creates and returns a fake user for someone has deleted their account.
+func NewGhostUser() *User {
+	return &User{
+		ID:        GhostUserID,
+		Name:      GhostUserName,
+		LowerName: GhostUserLowerName,
+	}
+}
+
+// IsGhost check if user is fake user for a deleted account
+func (u *User) IsGhost() bool {
+	if u == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return u.ID == GhostUserID && u.Name == GhostUserName
+}
+
+// NewReplaceUser creates and returns a fake user for external user
+func NewReplaceUser(name string) *User {
+	return &User{
+		ID:        0,
+		Name:      name,
+		LowerName: strings.ToLower(name),
+	}
+}
+
+const (
+	ActionsUserID   = -2
+	ActionsUserName = "forgejo-actions"
+	ActionsFullName = "Forgejo Actions"
+	ActionsEmail    = "noreply@forgejo.org"
+)
+
+// NewActionsUser creates and returns a fake user for running the actions.
+func NewActionsUser() *User {
+	return &User{
+		ID:                      ActionsUserID,
+		Name:                    ActionsUserName,
+		LowerName:               ActionsUserName,
+		IsActive:                true,
+		FullName:                ActionsFullName,
+		Email:                   ActionsEmail,
+		KeepEmailPrivate:        true,
+		LoginName:               ActionsUserName,
+		Type:                    UserTypeIndividual,
+		AllowCreateOrganization: true,
+		Visibility:              structs.VisibleTypePublic,
+	}
+}
+
+func (u *User) IsActions() bool {
+	return u != nil && u.ID == ActionsUserID
+}
+
+const (
+	APActorUserID   = -3
+	APActorUserName = "actor"
+	APActorEmail    = "noreply@forgejo.org"
+)
+
+func NewAPActorUser() *User {
+	return &User{
+		ID:               APActorUserID,
+		Name:             APActorUserName,
+		LowerName:        APActorUserName,
+		IsActive:         true,
+		Email:            APActorEmail,
+		KeepEmailPrivate: true,
+		LoginName:        APActorUserName,
+		Type:             UserTypeIndividual,
+		Visibility:       structs.VisibleTypePublic,
+	}
+}
+
+func APActorUserAPActorID() string {
+	path, _ := url.JoinPath(setting.AppURL, "/api/v1/activitypub/actor")
+	return path
+}
diff --git a/models/user/user_test.go b/models/user/user_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f4350f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/user_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,701 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Forgejo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/auth/password/hash"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/container"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/tests"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestOAuth2Application_LoadUser(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	app := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &auth.OAuth2Application{ID: 1})
+	user, err := user_model.GetUserByID(db.DefaultContext, app.UID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, user)
+}
+
+func TestIsValidUserID(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.False(t, user_model.IsValidUserID(-30))
+	assert.False(t, user_model.IsValidUserID(0))
+	assert.True(t, user_model.IsValidUserID(user_model.GhostUserID))
+	assert.True(t, user_model.IsValidUserID(user_model.ActionsUserID))
+	assert.True(t, user_model.IsValidUserID(200))
+}
+
+func TestGetUserFromMap(t *testing.T) {
+	id := int64(200)
+	idMap := map[int64]*user_model.User{
+		id: {ID: id},
+	}
+
+	ghostID := int64(user_model.GhostUserID)
+	actionsID := int64(user_model.ActionsUserID)
+	actualID, actualUser := user_model.GetUserFromMap(-20, idMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, ghostID, actualID)
+	assert.Equal(t, ghostID, actualUser.ID)
+
+	actualID, actualUser = user_model.GetUserFromMap(0, idMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, ghostID, actualID)
+	assert.Equal(t, ghostID, actualUser.ID)
+
+	actualID, actualUser = user_model.GetUserFromMap(ghostID, idMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, ghostID, actualID)
+	assert.Equal(t, ghostID, actualUser.ID)
+
+	actualID, actualUser = user_model.GetUserFromMap(actionsID, idMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, actionsID, actualID)
+	assert.Equal(t, actionsID, actualUser.ID)
+}
+
+func TestGetUserByName(t *testing.T) {
+	defer tests.AddFixtures("models/user/fixtures/")()
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	{
+		_, err := user_model.GetUserByName(db.DefaultContext, "")
+		assert.True(t, user_model.IsErrUserNotExist(err), err)
+	}
+	{
+		_, err := user_model.GetUserByName(db.DefaultContext, "UNKNOWN")
+		assert.True(t, user_model.IsErrUserNotExist(err), err)
+	}
+	{
+		user, err := user_model.GetUserByName(db.DefaultContext, "USER2")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "user2", user.Name)
+	}
+	{
+		user, err := user_model.GetUserByName(db.DefaultContext, "org3")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "org3", user.Name)
+	}
+	{
+		user, err := user_model.GetUserByName(db.DefaultContext, "remote01")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "remote01", user.Name)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetUserEmailsByNames(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	// ignore none active user email
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{"user8@example.com"}, user_model.GetUserEmailsByNames(db.DefaultContext, []string{"user8", "user9"}))
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{"user8@example.com", "user5@example.com"}, user_model.GetUserEmailsByNames(db.DefaultContext, []string{"user8", "user5"}))
+
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{"user8@example.com"}, user_model.GetUserEmailsByNames(db.DefaultContext, []string{"user8", "org7"}))
+}
+
+func TestCanCreateOrganization(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	admin := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 1})
+	assert.True(t, admin.CanCreateOrganization())
+
+	user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 2})
+	assert.True(t, user.CanCreateOrganization())
+	// Disable user create organization permission.
+	user.AllowCreateOrganization = false
+	assert.False(t, user.CanCreateOrganization())
+
+	setting.Admin.DisableRegularOrgCreation = true
+	user.AllowCreateOrganization = true
+	assert.True(t, admin.CanCreateOrganization())
+	assert.False(t, user.CanCreateOrganization())
+}
+
+func TestGetAllUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	defer tests.AddFixtures("models/user/fixtures/")()
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	users, err := user_model.GetAllUsers(db.DefaultContext)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	found := make(map[user_model.UserType]bool, 0)
+	for _, user := range users {
+		found[user.Type] = true
+	}
+	assert.True(t, found[user_model.UserTypeIndividual], users)
+	assert.True(t, found[user_model.UserTypeRemoteUser], users)
+	assert.False(t, found[user_model.UserTypeOrganization], users)
+}
+
+func TestAPActorID(t *testing.T) {
+	user := user_model.User{ID: 1}
+	url := user.APActorID()
+	expected := "https://try.gitea.io/api/v1/activitypub/user-id/1"
+	if url != expected {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected APActorID, expected: %q, actual: %q", expected, url)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSearchUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	defer tests.AddFixtures("models/user/fixtures/")()
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	testSuccess := func(opts *user_model.SearchUserOptions, expectedUserOrOrgIDs []int64) {
+		users, _, err := user_model.SearchUsers(db.DefaultContext, opts)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		cassText := fmt.Sprintf("ids: %v, opts: %v", expectedUserOrOrgIDs, opts)
+		if assert.Len(t, users, len(expectedUserOrOrgIDs), "case: %s", cassText) {
+			for i, expectedID := range expectedUserOrOrgIDs {
+				assert.EqualValues(t, expectedID, users[i].ID, "case: %s", cassText)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// test orgs
+	testOrgSuccess := func(opts *user_model.SearchUserOptions, expectedOrgIDs []int64) {
+		opts.Type = user_model.UserTypeOrganization
+		testSuccess(opts, expectedOrgIDs)
+	}
+
+	testOrgSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{OrderBy: "id ASC", ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 1, PageSize: 2}},
+		[]int64{3, 6})
+
+	testOrgSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{OrderBy: "id ASC", ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 2, PageSize: 2}},
+		[]int64{7, 17})
+
+	testOrgSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{OrderBy: "id ASC", ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 3, PageSize: 2}},
+		[]int64{19, 25})
+
+	testOrgSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{OrderBy: "id ASC", ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 4, PageSize: 2}},
+		[]int64{26, 41})
+
+	testOrgSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 5, PageSize: 2}},
+		[]int64{})
+
+	// test users
+	testUserSuccess := func(opts *user_model.SearchUserOptions, expectedUserIDs []int64) {
+		opts.Type = user_model.UserTypeIndividual
+		testSuccess(opts, expectedUserIDs)
+	}
+
+	testUserSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{OrderBy: "id ASC", ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 1}},
+		[]int64{1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 1041})
+
+	testUserSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 1}, IsActive: optional.Some(false)},
+		[]int64{9})
+
+	testUserSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{OrderBy: "id ASC", ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 1}, IsActive: optional.Some(true)},
+		[]int64{1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 1041})
+
+	testUserSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{Keyword: "user1", OrderBy: "id ASC", ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 1}, IsActive: optional.Some(true)},
+		[]int64{1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18})
+
+	// order by name asc default
+	testUserSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{Keyword: "user1", ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 1}, IsActive: optional.Some(true)},
+		[]int64{1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18})
+
+	testUserSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 1}, IsAdmin: optional.Some(true)},
+		[]int64{1})
+
+	testUserSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 1}, IsRestricted: optional.Some(true)},
+		[]int64{29})
+
+	testUserSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 1}, IsProhibitLogin: optional.Some(true)},
+		[]int64{1041, 37})
+
+	testUserSuccess(&user_model.SearchUserOptions{ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: 1}, IsTwoFactorEnabled: optional.Some(true)},
+		[]int64{24})
+}
+
+func TestEmailNotificationPreferences(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		expected string
+		userID   int64
+	}{
+		{user_model.EmailNotificationsEnabled, 1},
+		{user_model.EmailNotificationsEnabled, 2},
+		{user_model.EmailNotificationsOnMention, 3},
+		{user_model.EmailNotificationsOnMention, 4},
+		{user_model.EmailNotificationsEnabled, 5},
+		{user_model.EmailNotificationsEnabled, 6},
+		{user_model.EmailNotificationsDisabled, 7},
+		{user_model.EmailNotificationsEnabled, 8},
+		{user_model.EmailNotificationsOnMention, 9},
+	} {
+		user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: test.userID})
+		assert.Equal(t, test.expected, user.EmailNotificationsPreference)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHashPasswordDeterministic(t *testing.T) {
+	b := make([]byte, 16)
+	u := &user_model.User{}
+	algos := hash.RecommendedHashAlgorithms
+	for j := 0; j < len(algos); j++ {
+		u.PasswdHashAlgo = algos[j]
+		for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+			// generate a random password
+			rand.Read(b)
+			pass := string(b)
+
+			// save the current password in the user - hash it and store the result
+			u.SetPassword(pass)
+			r1 := u.Passwd
+
+			// run again
+			u.SetPassword(pass)
+			r2 := u.Passwd
+
+			assert.NotEqual(t, r1, r2)
+			assert.True(t, u.ValidatePassword(pass))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkHashPassword(b *testing.B) {
+	// BenchmarkHashPassword ensures that it takes a reasonable amount of time
+	// to hash a password - in order to protect from brute-force attacks.
+	pass := "password1337"
+	u := &user_model.User{Passwd: pass}
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		u.SetPassword(pass)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNewGitSig(t *testing.T) {
+	users := make([]*user_model.User, 0, 20)
+	err := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Find(&users)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	for _, user := range users {
+		sig := user.NewGitSig()
+		assert.NotContains(t, sig.Name, "<")
+		assert.NotContains(t, sig.Name, ">")
+		assert.NotContains(t, sig.Name, "\n")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, strings.TrimSpace(sig.Name))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDisplayName(t *testing.T) {
+	users := make([]*user_model.User, 0, 20)
+	err := db.GetEngine(db.DefaultContext).Find(&users)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	for _, user := range users {
+		displayName := user.DisplayName()
+		assert.Equal(t, strings.TrimSpace(displayName), displayName)
+		if len(strings.TrimSpace(user.FullName)) == 0 {
+			assert.Equal(t, user.Name, displayName)
+		}
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, strings.TrimSpace(displayName))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateUserInvalidEmail(t *testing.T) {
+	user := &user_model.User{
+		Name:               "GiteaBot",
+		Email:              "GiteaBot@gitea.io\r\n",
+		Passwd:             ";p['////..-++']",
+		IsAdmin:            false,
+		Theme:              setting.UI.DefaultTheme,
+		MustChangePassword: false,
+	}
+
+	err := user_model.CreateUser(db.DefaultContext, user)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, user_model.IsErrEmailCharIsNotSupported(err))
+}
+
+func TestCreateUserEmailAlreadyUsed(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 2})
+
+	// add new user with user2's email
+	user.Name = "testuser"
+	user.LowerName = strings.ToLower(user.Name)
+	user.ID = 0
+	err := user_model.CreateUser(db.DefaultContext, user)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, user_model.IsErrEmailAlreadyUsed(err))
+}
+
+func TestCreateUserCustomTimestamps(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 2})
+
+	// Add new user with a custom creation timestamp.
+	var creationTimestamp timeutil.TimeStamp = 12345
+	user.Name = "testuser"
+	user.LowerName = strings.ToLower(user.Name)
+	user.ID = 0
+	user.Email = "unique@example.com"
+	user.CreatedUnix = creationTimestamp
+	err := user_model.CreateUser(db.DefaultContext, user)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	fetched, err := user_model.GetUserByID(context.Background(), user.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, creationTimestamp, fetched.CreatedUnix)
+	assert.Equal(t, creationTimestamp, fetched.UpdatedUnix)
+}
+
+func TestCreateUserWithoutCustomTimestamps(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 2})
+
+	// There is no way to use a mocked time for the XORM auto-time functionality,
+	// so use the real clock to approximate the expected timestamp.
+	timestampStart := time.Now().Unix()
+
+	// Add new user without a custom creation timestamp.
+	user.Name = "Testuser"
+	user.LowerName = strings.ToLower(user.Name)
+	user.ID = 0
+	user.Email = "unique@example.com"
+	user.CreatedUnix = 0
+	user.UpdatedUnix = 0
+	err := user_model.CreateUser(db.DefaultContext, user)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	timestampEnd := time.Now().Unix()
+
+	fetched, err := user_model.GetUserByID(context.Background(), user.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.LessOrEqual(t, timestampStart, fetched.CreatedUnix)
+	assert.LessOrEqual(t, fetched.CreatedUnix, timestampEnd)
+
+	assert.LessOrEqual(t, timestampStart, fetched.UpdatedUnix)
+	assert.LessOrEqual(t, fetched.UpdatedUnix, timestampEnd)
+}
+
+func TestGetUserIDsByNames(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	// ignore non existing
+	IDs, err := user_model.GetUserIDsByNames(db.DefaultContext, []string{"user1", "user2", "none_existing_user"}, true)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []int64{1, 2}, IDs)
+
+	// ignore non existing
+	IDs, err = user_model.GetUserIDsByNames(db.DefaultContext, []string{"user1", "do_not_exist"}, false)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []int64(nil), IDs)
+}
+
+func TestGetMaileableUsersByIDs(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	results, err := user_model.GetMaileableUsersByIDs(db.DefaultContext, []int64{1, 4}, false)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, results, 1)
+	if len(results) > 1 {
+		assert.Equal(t, 1, results[0].ID)
+	}
+
+	results, err = user_model.GetMaileableUsersByIDs(db.DefaultContext, []int64{1, 4}, true)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, results, 2)
+	if len(results) > 2 {
+		assert.Equal(t, 1, results[0].ID)
+		assert.Equal(t, 4, results[1].ID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNewUserRedirect(t *testing.T) {
+	// redirect to a completely new name
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 1})
+	require.NoError(t, user_model.NewUserRedirect(db.DefaultContext, user.ID, user.Name, "newusername"))
+
+	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.Redirect{
+		LowerName:      user.LowerName,
+		RedirectUserID: user.ID,
+	})
+	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.Redirect{
+		LowerName:      "olduser1",
+		RedirectUserID: user.ID,
+	})
+}
+
+func TestNewUserRedirect2(t *testing.T) {
+	// redirect to previously used name
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 1})
+	require.NoError(t, user_model.NewUserRedirect(db.DefaultContext, user.ID, user.Name, "olduser1"))
+
+	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.Redirect{
+		LowerName:      user.LowerName,
+		RedirectUserID: user.ID,
+	})
+	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.Redirect{
+		LowerName:      "olduser1",
+		RedirectUserID: user.ID,
+	})
+}
+
+func TestNewUserRedirect3(t *testing.T) {
+	// redirect for a previously-unredirected user
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 2})
+	require.NoError(t, user_model.NewUserRedirect(db.DefaultContext, user.ID, user.Name, "newusername"))
+
+	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.Redirect{
+		LowerName:      user.LowerName,
+		RedirectUserID: user.ID,
+	})
+}
+
+func TestGetUserByOpenID(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	_, err := user_model.GetUserByOpenID(db.DefaultContext, "https://unknown")
+	if assert.Error(t, err) {
+		assert.True(t, user_model.IsErrUserNotExist(err))
+	}
+
+	user, err := user_model.GetUserByOpenID(db.DefaultContext, "https://user1.domain1.tld")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), user.ID)
+
+	user, err = user_model.GetUserByOpenID(db.DefaultContext, "https://domain1.tld/user2/")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(2), user.ID)
+}
+
+func TestFollowUser(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	testSuccess := func(followerID, followedID int64) {
+		require.NoError(t, user_model.FollowUser(db.DefaultContext, followerID, followedID))
+		unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.Follow{UserID: followerID, FollowID: followedID})
+	}
+	testSuccess(4, 2)
+	testSuccess(5, 2)
+
+	require.NoError(t, user_model.FollowUser(db.DefaultContext, 2, 2))
+
+	// Blocked user.
+	require.ErrorIs(t, user_model.ErrBlockedByUser, user_model.FollowUser(db.DefaultContext, 1, 4))
+	require.ErrorIs(t, user_model.ErrBlockedByUser, user_model.FollowUser(db.DefaultContext, 4, 1))
+	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.Follow{UserID: 1, FollowID: 4})
+	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.Follow{UserID: 4, FollowID: 1})
+
+	unittest.CheckConsistencyFor(t, &user_model.User{})
+}
+
+func TestUnfollowUser(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	testSuccess := func(followerID, followedID int64) {
+		require.NoError(t, user_model.UnfollowUser(db.DefaultContext, followerID, followedID))
+		unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.Follow{UserID: followerID, FollowID: followedID})
+	}
+	testSuccess(4, 2)
+	testSuccess(5, 2)
+	testSuccess(2, 2)
+
+	unittest.CheckConsistencyFor(t, &user_model.User{})
+}
+
+func TestIsUserVisibleToViewer(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	user1 := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 1})   // admin, public
+	user4 := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 4})   // normal, public
+	user20 := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 20}) // public, same team as user31
+	user29 := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 29}) // public, is restricted
+	user31 := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 31}) // private, same team as user20
+	user33 := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 33}) // limited, follows 31
+
+	test := func(u, viewer *user_model.User, expected bool) {
+		name := func(u *user_model.User) string {
+			if u == nil {
+				return "<nil>"
+			}
+			return u.Name
+		}
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, user_model.IsUserVisibleToViewer(db.DefaultContext, u, viewer), "user %v should be visible to viewer %v: %v", name(u), name(viewer), expected)
+	}
+
+	// admin viewer
+	test(user1, user1, true)
+	test(user20, user1, true)
+	test(user31, user1, true)
+	test(user33, user1, true)
+
+	// non admin viewer
+	test(user4, user4, true)
+	test(user20, user4, true)
+	test(user31, user4, false)
+	test(user33, user4, true)
+	test(user4, nil, true)
+
+	// public user
+	test(user4, user20, true)
+	test(user4, user31, true)
+	test(user4, user33, true)
+
+	// limited user
+	test(user33, user33, true)
+	test(user33, user4, true)
+	test(user33, user29, false)
+	test(user33, nil, false)
+
+	// private user
+	test(user31, user31, true)
+	test(user31, user4, false)
+	test(user31, user20, true)
+	test(user31, user29, false)
+	test(user31, user33, true)
+	test(user31, nil, false)
+}
+
+func TestGetAllAdmins(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	admins, err := user_model.GetAllAdmins(db.DefaultContext)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Len(t, admins, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), admins[0].ID)
+}
+
+func Test_ValidateUser(t *testing.T) {
+	oldSetting := setting.Service.AllowedUserVisibilityModesSlice
+	defer func() {
+		setting.Service.AllowedUserVisibilityModesSlice = oldSetting
+	}()
+	setting.Service.AllowedUserVisibilityModesSlice = []bool{true, false, true}
+	kases := map[*user_model.User]bool{
+		{ID: 1, Visibility: structs.VisibleTypePublic}:  true,
+		{ID: 2, Visibility: structs.VisibleTypeLimited}: false,
+		{ID: 2, Visibility: structs.VisibleTypePrivate}: true,
+	}
+	for kase, expected := range kases {
+		assert.EqualValues(t, expected, nil == user_model.ValidateUser(kase))
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_NormalizeUserFromEmail(t *testing.T) {
+	oldSetting := setting.Service.AllowDotsInUsernames
+	defer func() {
+		setting.Service.AllowDotsInUsernames = oldSetting
+	}()
+	setting.Service.AllowDotsInUsernames = true
+	testCases := []struct {
+		Input             string
+		Expected          string
+		IsNormalizedValid bool
+	}{
+		{"test", "test", true},
+		{"Sinéad.O'Connor", "Sinead.OConnor", true},
+		{"Æsir", "AEsir", true},
+		// \u00e9\u0065\u0301
+		{"éé", "ee", true},
+		{"Awareness Hub", "Awareness-Hub", true},
+		{"double__underscore", "double__underscore", false}, // We should consider squashing double non-alpha characters
+		{".bad.", ".bad.", false},
+		{"new😀user", "new😀user", false}, // No plans to support
+	}
+	for _, testCase := range testCases {
+		normalizedName, err := user_model.NormalizeUserName(testCase.Input)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.EqualValues(t, testCase.Expected, normalizedName)
+		if testCase.IsNormalizedValid {
+			require.NoError(t, user_model.IsUsableUsername(normalizedName))
+		} else {
+			require.Error(t, user_model.IsUsableUsername(normalizedName))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEmailTo(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		fullName string
+		mail     string
+		result   string
+	}{
+		{"Awareness Hub", "awareness@hub.net", `"Awareness Hub" <awareness@hub.net>`},
+		{"name@example.com", "name@example.com", "name@example.com"},
+		{"Hi Its <Mee>", "ee@mail.box", `"Hi Its Mee" <ee@mail.box>`},
+		{"Sinéad.O'Connor", "sinead.oconnor@gmail.com", "=?utf-8?b?U2luw6lhZC5PJ0Nvbm5vcg==?= <sinead.oconnor@gmail.com>"},
+		{"Æsir", "aesir@gmx.de", "=?utf-8?q?=C3=86sir?= <aesir@gmx.de>"},
+		{"new😀user", "new.user@alo.com", "=?utf-8?q?new=F0=9F=98=80user?= <new.user@alo.com>"}, // codespell-ignore
+		{`"quoted"`, "quoted@test.com", `"quoted" <quoted@test.com>`},
+		{`gusted`, "gusted@test.com", `"gusted" <gusted@test.com>`},
+		{`Joe Q. Public`, "john.q.public@example.com", `"Joe Q. Public" <john.q.public@example.com>`},
+		{`Who?`, "one@y.test", `"Who?" <one@y.test>`},
+	}
+
+	for _, testCase := range testCases {
+		t.Run(testCase.result, func(t *testing.T) {
+			testUser := &user_model.User{FullName: testCase.fullName, Email: testCase.mail}
+			assert.EqualValues(t, testCase.result, testUser.EmailTo())
+		})
+	}
+
+	t.Run("Override user's email", func(t *testing.T) {
+		testUser := &user_model.User{FullName: "Christine Jorgensen", Email: "christine@test.com"}
+		assert.EqualValues(t, `"Christine Jorgensen" <christine@example.org>`, testUser.EmailTo("christine@example.org"))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestDisabledUserFeatures(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	testValues := container.SetOf(setting.UserFeatureDeletion,
+		setting.UserFeatureManageSSHKeys,
+		setting.UserFeatureManageGPGKeys)
+
+	oldSetting := setting.Admin.ExternalUserDisableFeatures
+	defer func() {
+		setting.Admin.ExternalUserDisableFeatures = oldSetting
+	}()
+	setting.Admin.ExternalUserDisableFeatures = testValues
+
+	user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 1})
+
+	assert.Empty(t, setting.Admin.UserDisabledFeatures.Values())
+
+	// no features should be disabled with a plain login type
+	assert.LessOrEqual(t, user.LoginType, auth.Plain)
+	assert.Empty(t, user_model.DisabledFeaturesWithLoginType(user).Values())
+	for _, f := range testValues.Values() {
+		assert.False(t, user_model.IsFeatureDisabledWithLoginType(user, f))
+	}
+
+	// check disabled features with external login type
+	user.LoginType = auth.OAuth2
+
+	// all features should be disabled
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, user_model.DisabledFeaturesWithLoginType(user).Values())
+	for _, f := range testValues.Values() {
+		assert.True(t, user_model.IsFeatureDisabledWithLoginType(user, f))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/models/user/user_update.go b/models/user/user_update.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66702e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/models/user/user_update.go
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package user
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+)
+
+func IncrUserRepoNum(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	_, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Incr("num_repos").ID(userID).Update(new(User))
+	return err
+}