Adding upstream version 9.0.3.

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel@debian.org>

44 files changed, 6181 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/modules/indexer/code/bleve/bleve.go b/modules/indexer/code/bleve/bleve.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf9fcbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/code/bleve/bleve.go
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package bleve
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/analyze"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/charset"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/code/internal"
+	indexer_internal "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal"
+	inner_bleve "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal/bleve"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/typesniffer"
+
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2"
+	analyzer_custom "github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/analysis/analyzer/custom"
+	analyzer_keyword "github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/analysis/analyzer/keyword"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/analysis/token/camelcase"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/analysis/token/lowercase"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/analysis/token/unicodenorm"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/analysis/tokenizer/unicode"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/mapping"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/search/query"
+	"github.com/go-enry/go-enry/v2"
+)
+
+const (
+	unicodeNormalizeName = "unicodeNormalize"
+	maxBatchSize         = 16
+	// fuzzyDenominator determines the levenshtein distance per each character of a keyword
+	fuzzyDenominator = 4
+	// see https://github.com/blevesearch/bleve/issues/1563#issuecomment-786822311
+	maxFuzziness = 2
+)
+
+func addUnicodeNormalizeTokenFilter(m *mapping.IndexMappingImpl) error {
+	return m.AddCustomTokenFilter(unicodeNormalizeName, map[string]any{
+		"type": unicodenorm.Name,
+		"form": unicodenorm.NFC,
+	})
+}
+
+// RepoIndexerData data stored in the repo indexer
+type RepoIndexerData struct {
+	RepoID    int64
+	CommitID  string
+	Content   string
+	Language  string
+	UpdatedAt time.Time
+}
+
+// Type returns the document type, for bleve's mapping.Classifier interface.
+func (d *RepoIndexerData) Type() string {
+	return repoIndexerDocType
+}
+
+const (
+	repoIndexerAnalyzer      = "repoIndexerAnalyzer"
+	repoIndexerDocType       = "repoIndexerDocType"
+	repoIndexerLatestVersion = 6
+)
+
+// generateBleveIndexMapping generates a bleve index mapping for the repo indexer
+func generateBleveIndexMapping() (mapping.IndexMapping, error) {
+	docMapping := bleve.NewDocumentMapping()
+	numericFieldMapping := bleve.NewNumericFieldMapping()
+	numericFieldMapping.IncludeInAll = false
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("RepoID", numericFieldMapping)
+
+	textFieldMapping := bleve.NewTextFieldMapping()
+	textFieldMapping.IncludeInAll = false
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("Content", textFieldMapping)
+
+	termFieldMapping := bleve.NewTextFieldMapping()
+	termFieldMapping.IncludeInAll = false
+	termFieldMapping.Analyzer = analyzer_keyword.Name
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("Language", termFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("CommitID", termFieldMapping)
+
+	timeFieldMapping := bleve.NewDateTimeFieldMapping()
+	timeFieldMapping.IncludeInAll = false
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("UpdatedAt", timeFieldMapping)
+
+	mapping := bleve.NewIndexMapping()
+	if err := addUnicodeNormalizeTokenFilter(mapping); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if err := mapping.AddCustomAnalyzer(repoIndexerAnalyzer, map[string]any{
+		"type":          analyzer_custom.Name,
+		"char_filters":  []string{},
+		"tokenizer":     unicode.Name,
+		"token_filters": []string{unicodeNormalizeName, camelcase.Name, lowercase.Name},
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	mapping.DefaultAnalyzer = repoIndexerAnalyzer
+	mapping.AddDocumentMapping(repoIndexerDocType, docMapping)
+	mapping.AddDocumentMapping("_all", bleve.NewDocumentDisabledMapping())
+
+	return mapping, nil
+}
+
+var _ internal.Indexer = &Indexer{}
+
+// Indexer represents a bleve indexer implementation
+type Indexer struct {
+	inner                    *inner_bleve.Indexer
+	indexer_internal.Indexer // do not composite inner_bleve.Indexer directly to avoid exposing too much
+}
+
+// NewIndexer creates a new bleve local indexer
+func NewIndexer(indexDir string) *Indexer {
+	inner := inner_bleve.NewIndexer(indexDir, repoIndexerLatestVersion, generateBleveIndexMapping)
+	return &Indexer{
+		Indexer: inner,
+		inner:   inner,
+	}
+}
+
+func (b *Indexer) addUpdate(ctx context.Context, batchWriter git.WriteCloserError, batchReader *bufio.Reader, commitSha string,
+	update internal.FileUpdate, repo *repo_model.Repository, batch *inner_bleve.FlushingBatch,
+) error {
+	// Ignore vendored files in code search
+	if setting.Indexer.ExcludeVendored && analyze.IsVendor(update.Filename) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	size := update.Size
+
+	var err error
+	if !update.Sized {
+		var stdout string
+		stdout, _, err = git.NewCommand(ctx, "cat-file", "-s").AddDynamicArguments(update.BlobSha).RunStdString(&git.RunOpts{Dir: repo.RepoPath()})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if size, err = strconv.ParseInt(strings.TrimSpace(stdout), 10, 64); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("misformatted git cat-file output: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if size > setting.Indexer.MaxIndexerFileSize {
+		return b.addDelete(update.Filename, repo, batch)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := batchWriter.Write([]byte(update.BlobSha + "\n")); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	_, _, size, err = git.ReadBatchLine(batchReader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	fileContents, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(batchReader, size))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if !typesniffer.DetectContentType(fileContents).IsText() {
+		// FIXME: UTF-16 files will probably fail here
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if _, err = batchReader.Discard(1); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	id := internal.FilenameIndexerID(repo.ID, update.Filename)
+	return batch.Index(id, &RepoIndexerData{
+		RepoID:    repo.ID,
+		CommitID:  commitSha,
+		Content:   string(charset.ToUTF8DropErrors(fileContents, charset.ConvertOpts{})),
+		Language:  analyze.GetCodeLanguage(update.Filename, fileContents),
+		UpdatedAt: time.Now().UTC(),
+	})
+}
+
+func (b *Indexer) addDelete(filename string, repo *repo_model.Repository, batch *inner_bleve.FlushingBatch) error {
+	id := internal.FilenameIndexerID(repo.ID, filename)
+	return batch.Delete(id)
+}
+
+// Index indexes the data
+func (b *Indexer) Index(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, sha string, changes *internal.RepoChanges) error {
+	batch := inner_bleve.NewFlushingBatch(b.inner.Indexer, maxBatchSize)
+	if len(changes.Updates) > 0 {
+		r, err := gitrepo.OpenRepository(ctx, repo)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer r.Close()
+		gitBatch, err := r.NewBatch(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer gitBatch.Close()
+
+		for _, update := range changes.Updates {
+			if err := b.addUpdate(ctx, gitBatch.Writer, gitBatch.Reader, sha, update, repo, batch); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		gitBatch.Close()
+	}
+	for _, filename := range changes.RemovedFilenames {
+		if err := b.addDelete(filename, repo, batch); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return batch.Flush()
+}
+
+// Delete deletes indexes by ids
+func (b *Indexer) Delete(_ context.Context, repoID int64) error {
+	query := inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(repoID, "RepoID")
+	searchRequest := bleve.NewSearchRequestOptions(query, 2147483647, 0, false)
+	result, err := b.inner.Indexer.Search(searchRequest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	batch := inner_bleve.NewFlushingBatch(b.inner.Indexer, maxBatchSize)
+	for _, hit := range result.Hits {
+		if err = batch.Delete(hit.ID); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return batch.Flush()
+}
+
+// Search searches for files in the specified repo.
+// Returns the matching file-paths
+func (b *Indexer) Search(ctx context.Context, opts *internal.SearchOptions) (int64, []*internal.SearchResult, []*internal.SearchResultLanguages, error) {
+	var (
+		indexerQuery query.Query
+		keywordQuery query.Query
+	)
+
+	phraseQuery := bleve.NewMatchPhraseQuery(opts.Keyword)
+	phraseQuery.FieldVal = "Content"
+	phraseQuery.Analyzer = repoIndexerAnalyzer
+	keywordQuery = phraseQuery
+	if opts.IsKeywordFuzzy {
+		phraseQuery.Fuzziness = min(maxFuzziness, len(opts.Keyword)/fuzzyDenominator)
+	}
+
+	if len(opts.RepoIDs) > 0 {
+		repoQueries := make([]query.Query, 0, len(opts.RepoIDs))
+		for _, repoID := range opts.RepoIDs {
+			repoQueries = append(repoQueries, inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(repoID, "RepoID"))
+		}
+
+		indexerQuery = bleve.NewConjunctionQuery(
+			bleve.NewDisjunctionQuery(repoQueries...),
+			keywordQuery,
+		)
+	} else {
+		indexerQuery = keywordQuery
+	}
+
+	// Save for reuse without language filter
+	facetQuery := indexerQuery
+	if len(opts.Language) > 0 {
+		languageQuery := bleve.NewMatchQuery(opts.Language)
+		languageQuery.FieldVal = "Language"
+		languageQuery.Analyzer = analyzer_keyword.Name
+
+		indexerQuery = bleve.NewConjunctionQuery(
+			indexerQuery,
+			languageQuery,
+		)
+	}
+
+	from, pageSize := opts.GetSkipTake()
+	searchRequest := bleve.NewSearchRequestOptions(indexerQuery, pageSize, from, false)
+	searchRequest.Fields = []string{"Content", "RepoID", "Language", "CommitID", "UpdatedAt"}
+	searchRequest.IncludeLocations = true
+
+	if len(opts.Language) == 0 {
+		searchRequest.AddFacet("languages", bleve.NewFacetRequest("Language", 10))
+	}
+
+	result, err := b.inner.Indexer.SearchInContext(ctx, searchRequest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	total := int64(result.Total)
+
+	searchResults := make([]*internal.SearchResult, len(result.Hits))
+	for i, hit := range result.Hits {
+		startIndex, endIndex := -1, -1
+		for _, locations := range hit.Locations["Content"] {
+			location := locations[0]
+			locationStart := int(location.Start)
+			locationEnd := int(location.End)
+			if startIndex < 0 || locationStart < startIndex {
+				startIndex = locationStart
+			}
+			if endIndex < 0 || locationEnd > endIndex {
+				endIndex = locationEnd
+			}
+		}
+		language := hit.Fields["Language"].(string)
+		var updatedUnix timeutil.TimeStamp
+		if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, hit.Fields["UpdatedAt"].(string)); err == nil {
+			updatedUnix = timeutil.TimeStamp(t.Unix())
+		}
+		searchResults[i] = &internal.SearchResult{
+			RepoID:      int64(hit.Fields["RepoID"].(float64)),
+			StartIndex:  startIndex,
+			EndIndex:    endIndex,
+			Filename:    internal.FilenameOfIndexerID(hit.ID),
+			Content:     hit.Fields["Content"].(string),
+			CommitID:    hit.Fields["CommitID"].(string),
+			UpdatedUnix: updatedUnix,
+			Language:    language,
+			Color:       enry.GetColor(language),
+		}
+	}
+
+	searchResultLanguages := make([]*internal.SearchResultLanguages, 0, 10)
+	if len(opts.Language) > 0 {
+		// Use separate query to go get all language counts
+		facetRequest := bleve.NewSearchRequestOptions(facetQuery, 1, 0, false)
+		facetRequest.Fields = []string{"Content", "RepoID", "Language", "CommitID", "UpdatedAt"}
+		facetRequest.IncludeLocations = true
+		facetRequest.AddFacet("languages", bleve.NewFacetRequest("Language", 10))
+
+		if result, err = b.inner.Indexer.Search(facetRequest); err != nil {
+			return 0, nil, nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	languagesFacet := result.Facets["languages"]
+	for _, term := range languagesFacet.Terms.Terms() {
+		if len(term.Term) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		searchResultLanguages = append(searchResultLanguages, &internal.SearchResultLanguages{
+			Language: term.Term,
+			Color:    enry.GetColor(term.Term),
+			Count:    term.Count,
+		})
+	}
+	return total, searchResults, searchResultLanguages, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/code/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.go b/modules/indexer/code/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aee5668
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/code/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.go
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package elasticsearch
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/analyze"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/charset"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/code/internal"
+	indexer_internal "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal"
+	inner_elasticsearch "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal/elasticsearch"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/json"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/typesniffer"
+
+	"github.com/go-enry/go-enry/v2"
+	"github.com/olivere/elastic/v7"
+)
+
+const (
+	esRepoIndexerLatestVersion = 1
+	// multi-match-types, currently only 2 types are used
+	// Reference: https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/7.0/query-dsl-multi-match-query.html#multi-match-types
+	esMultiMatchTypeBestFields   = "best_fields"
+	esMultiMatchTypePhrasePrefix = "phrase_prefix"
+)
+
+var _ internal.Indexer = &Indexer{}
+
+// Indexer implements Indexer interface
+type Indexer struct {
+	inner                    *inner_elasticsearch.Indexer
+	indexer_internal.Indexer // do not composite inner_elasticsearch.Indexer directly to avoid exposing too much
+}
+
+// NewIndexer creates a new elasticsearch indexer
+func NewIndexer(url, indexerName string) *Indexer {
+	inner := inner_elasticsearch.NewIndexer(url, indexerName, esRepoIndexerLatestVersion, defaultMapping)
+	indexer := &Indexer{
+		inner:   inner,
+		Indexer: inner,
+	}
+	return indexer
+}
+
+const (
+	defaultMapping = `{
+		"mappings": {
+			"properties": {
+				"repo_id": {
+					"type": "long",
+					"index": true
+				},
+				"content": {
+					"type": "text",
+					"term_vector": "with_positions_offsets",
+					"index": true
+				},
+				"commit_id": {
+					"type": "keyword",
+					"index": true
+				},
+				"language": {
+					"type": "keyword",
+					"index": true
+				},
+				"updated_at": {
+					"type": "long",
+					"index": true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}`
+)
+
+func (b *Indexer) addUpdate(ctx context.Context, batchWriter git.WriteCloserError, batchReader *bufio.Reader, sha string, update internal.FileUpdate, repo *repo_model.Repository) ([]elastic.BulkableRequest, error) {
+	// Ignore vendored files in code search
+	if setting.Indexer.ExcludeVendored && analyze.IsVendor(update.Filename) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	size := update.Size
+	var err error
+	if !update.Sized {
+		var stdout string
+		stdout, _, err = git.NewCommand(ctx, "cat-file", "-s").AddDynamicArguments(update.BlobSha).RunStdString(&git.RunOpts{Dir: repo.RepoPath()})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if size, err = strconv.ParseInt(strings.TrimSpace(stdout), 10, 64); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("misformatted git cat-file output: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if size > setting.Indexer.MaxIndexerFileSize {
+		return []elastic.BulkableRequest{b.addDelete(update.Filename, repo)}, nil
+	}
+
+	if _, err := batchWriter.Write([]byte(update.BlobSha + "\n")); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	_, _, size, err = git.ReadBatchLine(batchReader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	fileContents, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(batchReader, size))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if !typesniffer.DetectContentType(fileContents).IsText() {
+		// FIXME: UTF-16 files will probably fail here
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if _, err = batchReader.Discard(1); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	id := internal.FilenameIndexerID(repo.ID, update.Filename)
+
+	return []elastic.BulkableRequest{
+		elastic.NewBulkIndexRequest().
+			Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+			Id(id).
+			Doc(map[string]any{
+				"repo_id":    repo.ID,
+				"content":    string(charset.ToUTF8DropErrors(fileContents, charset.ConvertOpts{})),
+				"commit_id":  sha,
+				"language":   analyze.GetCodeLanguage(update.Filename, fileContents),
+				"updated_at": timeutil.TimeStampNow(),
+			}),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (b *Indexer) addDelete(filename string, repo *repo_model.Repository) elastic.BulkableRequest {
+	id := internal.FilenameIndexerID(repo.ID, filename)
+	return elastic.NewBulkDeleteRequest().
+		Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+		Id(id)
+}
+
+// Index will save the index data
+func (b *Indexer) Index(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, sha string, changes *internal.RepoChanges) error {
+	reqs := make([]elastic.BulkableRequest, 0)
+	if len(changes.Updates) > 0 {
+		r, err := gitrepo.OpenRepository(ctx, repo)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer r.Close()
+		batch, err := r.NewBatch(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer batch.Close()
+
+		for _, update := range changes.Updates {
+			updateReqs, err := b.addUpdate(ctx, batch.Writer, batch.Reader, sha, update, repo)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if len(updateReqs) > 0 {
+				reqs = append(reqs, updateReqs...)
+			}
+		}
+		batch.Close()
+	}
+
+	for _, filename := range changes.RemovedFilenames {
+		reqs = append(reqs, b.addDelete(filename, repo))
+	}
+
+	if len(reqs) > 0 {
+		esBatchSize := 50
+
+		for i := 0; i < len(reqs); i += esBatchSize {
+			_, err := b.inner.Client.Bulk().
+				Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+				Add(reqs[i:min(i+esBatchSize, len(reqs))]...).
+				Do(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Delete entries by repoId
+func (b *Indexer) Delete(ctx context.Context, repoID int64) error {
+	if err := b.doDelete(ctx, repoID); err != nil {
+		// Maybe there is a conflict during the delete operation, so we should retry after a refresh
+		log.Warn("Deletion of entries of repo %v within index %v was erroneus. Trying to refresh index before trying again", repoID, b.inner.VersionedIndexName(), err)
+		if err := b.refreshIndex(ctx); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := b.doDelete(ctx, repoID); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Could not delete entries of repo %v within index %v", repoID, b.inner.VersionedIndexName())
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (b *Indexer) refreshIndex(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if _, err := b.inner.Client.Refresh(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).Do(ctx); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Error while trying to refresh index %v", b.inner.VersionedIndexName(), err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Delete entries by repoId
+func (b *Indexer) doDelete(ctx context.Context, repoID int64) error {
+	_, err := b.inner.Client.DeleteByQuery(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+		Query(elastic.NewTermsQuery("repo_id", repoID)).
+		Do(ctx)
+	return err
+}
+
+// indexPos find words positions for start and the following end on content. It will
+// return the beginning position of the first start and the ending position of the
+// first end following the start string.
+// If not found any of the positions, it will return -1, -1.
+func indexPos(content, start, end string) (int, int) {
+	startIdx := strings.Index(content, start)
+	if startIdx < 0 {
+		return -1, -1
+	}
+	endIdx := strings.Index(content[startIdx+len(start):], end)
+	if endIdx < 0 {
+		return -1, -1
+	}
+	return startIdx, startIdx + len(start) + endIdx + len(end)
+}
+
+func convertResult(searchResult *elastic.SearchResult, kw string, pageSize int) (int64, []*internal.SearchResult, []*internal.SearchResultLanguages, error) {
+	hits := make([]*internal.SearchResult, 0, pageSize)
+	for _, hit := range searchResult.Hits.Hits {
+		// FIXME: There is no way to get the position the keyword on the content currently on the same request.
+		// So we get it from content, this may made the query slower. See
+		// https://discuss.elastic.co/t/fetching-position-of-keyword-in-matched-document/94291
+		var startIndex, endIndex int
+		c, ok := hit.Highlight["content"]
+		if ok && len(c) > 0 {
+			// FIXME: Since the highlighting content will include <em> and </em> for the keywords,
+			// now we should find the positions. But how to avoid html content which contains the
+			// <em> and </em> tags? If elastic search has handled that?
+			startIndex, endIndex = indexPos(c[0], "<em>", "</em>")
+			if startIndex == -1 {
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("1===%s,,,%#v,,,%s", kw, hit.Highlight, c[0]))
+			}
+		} else {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("2===%#v", hit.Highlight))
+		}
+
+		repoID, fileName := internal.ParseIndexerID(hit.Id)
+		res := make(map[string]any)
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(hit.Source, &res); err != nil {
+			return 0, nil, nil, err
+		}
+
+		language := res["language"].(string)
+
+		hits = append(hits, &internal.SearchResult{
+			RepoID:      repoID,
+			Filename:    fileName,
+			CommitID:    res["commit_id"].(string),
+			Content:     res["content"].(string),
+			UpdatedUnix: timeutil.TimeStamp(res["updated_at"].(float64)),
+			Language:    language,
+			StartIndex:  startIndex,
+			EndIndex:    endIndex - 9, // remove the length <em></em> since we give Content the original data
+			Color:       enry.GetColor(language),
+		})
+	}
+
+	return searchResult.TotalHits(), hits, extractAggs(searchResult), nil
+}
+
+func extractAggs(searchResult *elastic.SearchResult) []*internal.SearchResultLanguages {
+	var searchResultLanguages []*internal.SearchResultLanguages
+	agg, found := searchResult.Aggregations.Terms("language")
+	if found {
+		searchResultLanguages = make([]*internal.SearchResultLanguages, 0, 10)
+
+		for _, bucket := range agg.Buckets {
+			searchResultLanguages = append(searchResultLanguages, &internal.SearchResultLanguages{
+				Language: bucket.Key.(string),
+				Color:    enry.GetColor(bucket.Key.(string)),
+				Count:    int(bucket.DocCount),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	return searchResultLanguages
+}
+
+// Search searches for codes and language stats by given conditions.
+func (b *Indexer) Search(ctx context.Context, opts *internal.SearchOptions) (int64, []*internal.SearchResult, []*internal.SearchResultLanguages, error) {
+	searchType := esMultiMatchTypePhrasePrefix
+	if opts.IsKeywordFuzzy {
+		searchType = esMultiMatchTypeBestFields
+	}
+
+	kwQuery := elastic.NewMultiMatchQuery(opts.Keyword, "content").Type(searchType)
+	query := elastic.NewBoolQuery()
+	query = query.Must(kwQuery)
+	if len(opts.RepoIDs) > 0 {
+		repoStrs := make([]any, 0, len(opts.RepoIDs))
+		for _, repoID := range opts.RepoIDs {
+			repoStrs = append(repoStrs, repoID)
+		}
+		repoQuery := elastic.NewTermsQuery("repo_id", repoStrs...)
+		query = query.Must(repoQuery)
+	}
+
+	var (
+		start, pageSize = opts.GetSkipTake()
+		kw              = "<em>" + opts.Keyword + "</em>"
+		aggregation     = elastic.NewTermsAggregation().Field("language").Size(10).OrderByCountDesc()
+	)
+
+	if len(opts.Language) == 0 {
+		searchResult, err := b.inner.Client.Search().
+			Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+			Aggregation("language", aggregation).
+			Query(query).
+			Highlight(
+				elastic.NewHighlight().
+					Field("content").
+					NumOfFragments(0). // return all highting content on fragments
+					HighlighterType("fvh"),
+			).
+			Sort("repo_id", true).
+			From(start).Size(pageSize).
+			Do(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, nil, nil, err
+		}
+
+		return convertResult(searchResult, kw, pageSize)
+	}
+
+	langQuery := elastic.NewMatchQuery("language", opts.Language)
+	countResult, err := b.inner.Client.Search().
+		Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+		Aggregation("language", aggregation).
+		Query(query).
+		Size(0). // We only need stats information
+		Do(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	query = query.Must(langQuery)
+	searchResult, err := b.inner.Client.Search().
+		Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+		Query(query).
+		Highlight(
+			elastic.NewHighlight().
+				Field("content").
+				NumOfFragments(0). // return all highting content on fragments
+				HighlighterType("fvh"),
+		).
+		Sort("repo_id", true).
+		From(start).Size(pageSize).
+		Do(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	total, hits, _, err := convertResult(searchResult, kw, pageSize)
+
+	return total, hits, extractAggs(countResult), err
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/code/elasticsearch/elasticsearch_test.go b/modules/indexer/code/elasticsearch/elasticsearch_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6ba93e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/code/elasticsearch/elasticsearch_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package elasticsearch
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestIndexPos(t *testing.T) {
+	startIdx, endIdx := indexPos("test index start and end", "start", "end")
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 11, startIdx)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 24, endIdx)
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/code/git.go b/modules/indexer/code/git.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7ffcfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/code/git.go
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package code
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/code/internal"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+)
+
+func getDefaultBranchSha(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository) (string, error) {
+	stdout, _, err := git.NewCommand(ctx, "show-ref", "-s").AddDynamicArguments(git.BranchPrefix + repo.DefaultBranch).RunStdString(&git.RunOpts{Dir: repo.RepoPath()})
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(stdout), nil
+}
+
+// getRepoChanges returns changes to repo since last indexer update
+func getRepoChanges(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, revision string) (*internal.RepoChanges, error) {
+	status, err := repo_model.GetIndexerStatus(ctx, repo, repo_model.RepoIndexerTypeCode)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	needGenesis := len(status.CommitSha) == 0
+	if !needGenesis {
+		hasAncestorCmd := git.NewCommand(ctx, "merge-base").AddDynamicArguments(status.CommitSha, revision)
+		stdout, _, _ := hasAncestorCmd.RunStdString(&git.RunOpts{Dir: repo.RepoPath()})
+		needGenesis = len(stdout) == 0
+	}
+
+	if needGenesis {
+		return genesisChanges(ctx, repo, revision)
+	}
+	return nonGenesisChanges(ctx, repo, revision)
+}
+
+func isIndexable(entry *git.TreeEntry) bool {
+	if !entry.IsRegular() && !entry.IsExecutable() {
+		return false
+	}
+	name := strings.ToLower(entry.Name())
+	for _, g := range setting.Indexer.ExcludePatterns {
+		if g.Match(name) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	for _, g := range setting.Indexer.IncludePatterns {
+		if g.Match(name) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return len(setting.Indexer.IncludePatterns) == 0
+}
+
+// parseGitLsTreeOutput parses the output of a `git ls-tree -r --full-name` command
+func parseGitLsTreeOutput(stdout []byte) ([]internal.FileUpdate, error) {
+	entries, err := git.ParseTreeEntries(stdout)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	idxCount := 0
+	updates := make([]internal.FileUpdate, len(entries))
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if isIndexable(entry) {
+			updates[idxCount] = internal.FileUpdate{
+				Filename: entry.Name(),
+				BlobSha:  entry.ID.String(),
+				Size:     entry.Size(),
+				Sized:    true,
+			}
+			idxCount++
+		}
+	}
+	return updates[:idxCount], nil
+}
+
+// genesisChanges get changes to add repo to the indexer for the first time
+func genesisChanges(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, revision string) (*internal.RepoChanges, error) {
+	var changes internal.RepoChanges
+	stdout, _, runErr := git.NewCommand(ctx, "ls-tree", "--full-tree", "-l", "-r").AddDynamicArguments(revision).RunStdBytes(&git.RunOpts{Dir: repo.RepoPath()})
+	if runErr != nil {
+		return nil, runErr
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	changes.Updates, err = parseGitLsTreeOutput(stdout)
+	return &changes, err
+}
+
+// nonGenesisChanges get changes since the previous indexer update
+func nonGenesisChanges(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, revision string) (*internal.RepoChanges, error) {
+	diffCmd := git.NewCommand(ctx, "diff", "--name-status").AddDynamicArguments(repo.CodeIndexerStatus.CommitSha, revision)
+	stdout, _, runErr := diffCmd.RunStdString(&git.RunOpts{Dir: repo.RepoPath()})
+	if runErr != nil {
+		// previous commit sha may have been removed by a force push, so
+		// try rebuilding from scratch
+		log.Warn("git diff: %v", runErr)
+		if err := (*globalIndexer.Load()).Delete(ctx, repo.ID); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return genesisChanges(ctx, repo, revision)
+	}
+
+	var changes internal.RepoChanges
+	var err error
+	updatedFilenames := make([]string, 0, 10)
+
+	updateChanges := func() error {
+		cmd := git.NewCommand(ctx, "ls-tree", "--full-tree", "-l").AddDynamicArguments(revision).
+			AddDashesAndList(updatedFilenames...)
+		lsTreeStdout, _, err := cmd.RunStdBytes(&git.RunOpts{Dir: repo.RepoPath()})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		updates, err1 := parseGitLsTreeOutput(lsTreeStdout)
+		if err1 != nil {
+			return err1
+		}
+		changes.Updates = append(changes.Updates, updates...)
+		return nil
+	}
+	lines := strings.Split(stdout, "\n")
+	for _, line := range lines {
+		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
+		if len(line) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		fields := strings.Split(line, "\t")
+		if len(fields) < 2 {
+			log.Warn("Unparsable output for diff --name-status: `%s`)", line)
+			continue
+		}
+		filename := fields[1]
+		if len(filename) == 0 {
+			continue
+		} else if filename[0] == '"' {
+			filename, err = strconv.Unquote(filename)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+
+		switch status := fields[0][0]; status {
+		case 'M', 'A':
+			updatedFilenames = append(updatedFilenames, filename)
+		case 'D':
+			changes.RemovedFilenames = append(changes.RemovedFilenames, filename)
+		case 'R', 'C':
+			if len(fields) < 3 {
+				log.Warn("Unparsable output for diff --name-status: `%s`)", line)
+				continue
+			}
+			dest := fields[2]
+			if len(dest) == 0 {
+				log.Warn("Unparsable output for diff --name-status: `%s`)", line)
+				continue
+			}
+			if dest[0] == '"' {
+				dest, err = strconv.Unquote(dest)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+			}
+			if status == 'R' {
+				changes.RemovedFilenames = append(changes.RemovedFilenames, filename)
+			}
+			updatedFilenames = append(updatedFilenames, dest)
+		default:
+			log.Warn("Unrecognized status: %c (line=%s)", status, line)
+		}
+
+		// According to https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-client/shell-experience/command-line-string-limitation#more-information
+		// the command line length should less than 8191 characters, assume filepath is 256, then 8191/256 = 31, so we use 30
+		if len(updatedFilenames) >= 30 {
+			if err := updateChanges(); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			updatedFilenames = updatedFilenames[0:0]
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(updatedFilenames) > 0 {
+		if err := updateChanges(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &changes, err
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/code/indexer.go b/modules/indexer/code/indexer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a8ce27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/code/indexer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package code
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"runtime/pprof"
+	"slices"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/graceful"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/code/bleve"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/code/elasticsearch"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/code/internal"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/process"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/queue"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+)
+
+var (
+	indexerQueue *queue.WorkerPoolQueue[*internal.IndexerData]
+	// globalIndexer is the global indexer, it cannot be nil.
+	// When the real indexer is not ready, it will be a dummy indexer which will return error to explain it's not ready.
+	// So it's always safe use it as *globalIndexer.Load() and call its methods.
+	globalIndexer atomic.Pointer[internal.Indexer]
+	dummyIndexer  *internal.Indexer
+)
+
+func init() {
+	i := internal.NewDummyIndexer()
+	dummyIndexer = &i
+	globalIndexer.Store(dummyIndexer)
+}
+
+func index(ctx context.Context, indexer internal.Indexer, repoID int64) error {
+	repo, err := repo_model.GetRepositoryByID(ctx, repoID)
+	if repo_model.IsErrRepoNotExist(err) {
+		return indexer.Delete(ctx, repoID)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	repoTypes := setting.Indexer.RepoIndexerRepoTypes
+
+	if len(repoTypes) == 0 {
+		repoTypes = []string{"sources"}
+	}
+
+	// skip forks from being indexed if unit is not present
+	if !slices.Contains(repoTypes, "forks") && repo.IsFork {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// skip mirrors from being indexed if unit is not present
+	if !slices.Contains(repoTypes, "mirrors") && repo.IsMirror {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// skip templates from being indexed if unit is not present
+	if !slices.Contains(repoTypes, "templates") && repo.IsTemplate {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// skip regular repos from being indexed if unit is not present
+	if !slices.Contains(repoTypes, "sources") && !repo.IsFork && !repo.IsMirror && !repo.IsTemplate {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	sha, err := getDefaultBranchSha(ctx, repo)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	changes, err := getRepoChanges(ctx, repo, sha)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if changes == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := indexer.Index(ctx, repo, sha, changes); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return repo_model.UpdateIndexerStatus(ctx, repo, repo_model.RepoIndexerTypeCode, sha)
+}
+
+// Init initialize the repo indexer
+func Init() {
+	if !setting.Indexer.RepoIndexerEnabled {
+		(*globalIndexer.Load()).Close()
+		return
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel, finished := process.GetManager().AddTypedContext(context.Background(), "Service: CodeIndexer", process.SystemProcessType, false)
+
+	graceful.GetManager().RunAtTerminate(func() {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		default:
+		}
+		cancel()
+		log.Debug("Closing repository indexer")
+		(*globalIndexer.Load()).Close()
+		log.Info("PID: %d Repository Indexer closed", os.Getpid())
+		finished()
+	})
+
+	waitChannel := make(chan time.Duration, 1)
+
+	// Create the Queue
+	switch setting.Indexer.RepoType {
+	case "bleve", "elasticsearch":
+		handler := func(items ...*internal.IndexerData) (unhandled []*internal.IndexerData) {
+			indexer := *globalIndexer.Load()
+			// make it a process to allow for cancellation (especially during integration tests where no global shutdown happens)
+			batchCtx, _, finished := process.GetManager().AddContext(ctx, "CodeIndexer batch")
+			defer finished()
+			for _, indexerData := range items {
+				log.Trace("IndexerData Process Repo: %d", indexerData.RepoID)
+				if err := index(batchCtx, indexer, indexerData.RepoID); err != nil {
+					unhandled = append(unhandled, indexerData)
+					if !setting.IsInTesting {
+						log.Error("Codes indexer handler: index error for repo %v: %v", indexerData.RepoID, err)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return unhandled
+		}
+
+		indexerQueue = queue.CreateUniqueQueue(ctx, "code_indexer", handler)
+		if indexerQueue == nil {
+			log.Fatal("Unable to create codes indexer queue")
+		}
+	default:
+		log.Fatal("Unknown codes indexer type; %s", setting.Indexer.RepoType)
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		pprof.SetGoroutineLabels(ctx)
+		start := time.Now()
+		var (
+			rIndexer internal.Indexer
+			existed  bool
+			err      error
+		)
+		switch setting.Indexer.RepoType {
+		case "bleve":
+			log.Info("PID: %d Initializing Repository Indexer at: %s", os.Getpid(), setting.Indexer.RepoPath)
+			defer func() {
+				if err := recover(); err != nil {
+					log.Error("PANIC whilst initializing repository indexer: %v\nStacktrace: %s", err, log.Stack(2))
+					log.Error("The indexer files are likely corrupted and may need to be deleted")
+					log.Error("You can completely remove the \"%s\" directory to make Forgejo recreate the indexes", setting.Indexer.RepoPath)
+				}
+			}()
+
+			rIndexer = bleve.NewIndexer(setting.Indexer.RepoPath)
+			existed, err = rIndexer.Init(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				cancel()
+				(*globalIndexer.Load()).Close()
+				close(waitChannel)
+				log.Fatal("PID: %d Unable to initialize the bleve Repository Indexer at path: %s Error: %v", os.Getpid(), setting.Indexer.RepoPath, err)
+			}
+		case "elasticsearch":
+			log.Info("PID: %d Initializing Repository Indexer at: %s", os.Getpid(), setting.Indexer.RepoConnStr)
+			defer func() {
+				if err := recover(); err != nil {
+					log.Error("PANIC whilst initializing repository indexer: %v\nStacktrace: %s", err, log.Stack(2))
+					log.Error("The indexer files are likely corrupted and may need to be deleted")
+					log.Error("You can completely remove the \"%s\" index to make Forgejo recreate the indexes", setting.Indexer.RepoConnStr)
+				}
+			}()
+
+			rIndexer = elasticsearch.NewIndexer(setting.Indexer.RepoConnStr, setting.Indexer.RepoIndexerName)
+			existed, err = rIndexer.Init(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				cancel()
+				(*globalIndexer.Load()).Close()
+				close(waitChannel)
+				log.Fatal("PID: %d Unable to initialize the elasticsearch Repository Indexer connstr: %s Error: %v", os.Getpid(), setting.Indexer.RepoConnStr, err)
+			}
+
+		default:
+			log.Fatal("PID: %d Unknown Indexer type: %s", os.Getpid(), setting.Indexer.RepoType)
+		}
+
+		globalIndexer.Store(&rIndexer)
+
+		// Start processing the queue
+		go graceful.GetManager().RunWithCancel(indexerQueue)
+
+		if !existed { // populate the index because it's created for the first time
+			go graceful.GetManager().RunWithShutdownContext(populateRepoIndexer)
+		}
+		select {
+		case waitChannel <- time.Since(start):
+		case <-graceful.GetManager().IsShutdown():
+		}
+
+		close(waitChannel)
+	}()
+
+	if setting.Indexer.StartupTimeout > 0 {
+		go func() {
+			pprof.SetGoroutineLabels(ctx)
+			timeout := setting.Indexer.StartupTimeout
+			if graceful.GetManager().IsChild() && setting.GracefulHammerTime > 0 {
+				timeout += setting.GracefulHammerTime
+			}
+			select {
+			case <-graceful.GetManager().IsShutdown():
+				log.Warn("Shutdown before Repository Indexer completed initialization")
+				cancel()
+				(*globalIndexer.Load()).Close()
+			case duration, ok := <-waitChannel:
+				if !ok {
+					log.Warn("Repository Indexer Initialization failed")
+					cancel()
+					(*globalIndexer.Load()).Close()
+					return
+				}
+				log.Info("Repository Indexer Initialization took %v", duration)
+			case <-time.After(timeout):
+				cancel()
+				(*globalIndexer.Load()).Close()
+				log.Fatal("Repository Indexer Initialization Timed-Out after: %v", timeout)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+}
+
+// UpdateRepoIndexer update a repository's entries in the indexer
+func UpdateRepoIndexer(repo *repo_model.Repository) {
+	indexData := &internal.IndexerData{RepoID: repo.ID}
+	if err := indexerQueue.Push(indexData); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Update repo index data %v failed: %v", indexData, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// IsAvailable checks if issue indexer is available
+func IsAvailable(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	return (*globalIndexer.Load()).Ping(ctx) == nil
+}
+
+// populateRepoIndexer populate the repo indexer with pre-existing data. This
+// should only be run when the indexer is created for the first time.
+func populateRepoIndexer(ctx context.Context) {
+	log.Info("Populating the repo indexer with existing repositories")
+
+	exist, err := db.IsTableNotEmpty("repository")
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal("System error: %v", err)
+	} else if !exist {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// if there is any existing repo indexer metadata in the DB, delete it
+	// since we are starting afresh. Also, xorm requires deletes to have a
+	// condition, and we want to delete everything, thus 1=1.
+	if err := db.DeleteAllRecords("repo_indexer_status"); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal("System error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var maxRepoID int64
+	if maxRepoID, err = db.GetMaxID("repository"); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal("System error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// start with the maximum existing repo ID and work backwards, so that we
+	// don't include repos that are created after gitea starts; such repos will
+	// already be added to the indexer, and we don't need to add them again.
+	for maxRepoID > 0 {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			log.Info("Repository Indexer population shutdown before completion")
+			return
+		default:
+		}
+		ids, err := repo_model.GetUnindexedRepos(ctx, repo_model.RepoIndexerTypeCode, maxRepoID, 0, 50)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("populateRepoIndexer: %v", err)
+			return
+		} else if len(ids) == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+		for _, id := range ids {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				log.Info("Repository Indexer population shutdown before completion")
+				return
+			default:
+			}
+			if err := indexerQueue.Push(&internal.IndexerData{RepoID: id}); err != nil {
+				log.Error("indexerQueue.Push: %v", err)
+				return
+			}
+			maxRepoID = id - 1
+		}
+	}
+	log.Info("Done (re)populating the repo indexer with existing repositories")
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/code/indexer_test.go b/modules/indexer/code/indexer_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..967aad1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/code/indexer_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package code
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/code/bleve"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/code/elasticsearch"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/code/internal"
+
+	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea/models"
+	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/actions"
+	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/activities"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
+	unittest.MainTest(m)
+}
+
+func testIndexer(name string, t *testing.T, indexer internal.Indexer) {
+	t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+		var repoID int64 = 1
+		err := index(git.DefaultContext, indexer, repoID)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		keywords := []struct {
+			RepoIDs []int64
+			Keyword string
+			IDs     []int64
+			Langs   int
+		}{
+			{
+				RepoIDs: nil,
+				Keyword: "Description",
+				IDs:     []int64{repoID},
+				Langs:   1,
+			},
+			{
+				RepoIDs: []int64{2},
+				Keyword: "Description",
+				IDs:     []int64{},
+				Langs:   0,
+			},
+			{
+				RepoIDs: nil,
+				Keyword: "Description for",
+				IDs:     []int64{repoID},
+				Langs:   1,
+			},
+			{
+				RepoIDs: nil,
+				Keyword: "repo1",
+				IDs:     []int64{repoID},
+				Langs:   1,
+			},
+			{
+				RepoIDs: []int64{2},
+				Keyword: "repo1",
+				IDs:     []int64{},
+				Langs:   0,
+			},
+			{
+				RepoIDs: nil,
+				Keyword: "non-exist",
+				IDs:     []int64{},
+				Langs:   0,
+			},
+		}
+
+		for _, kw := range keywords {
+			t.Run(kw.Keyword, func(t *testing.T) {
+				total, res, langs, err := indexer.Search(context.TODO(), &internal.SearchOptions{
+					RepoIDs: kw.RepoIDs,
+					Keyword: kw.Keyword,
+					Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+						Page:     1,
+						PageSize: 10,
+					},
+					IsKeywordFuzzy: true,
+				})
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Len(t, kw.IDs, int(total))
+				assert.Len(t, langs, kw.Langs)
+
+				ids := make([]int64, 0, len(res))
+				for _, hit := range res {
+					ids = append(ids, hit.RepoID)
+					assert.EqualValues(t, "# repo1\n\nDescription for repo1", hit.Content)
+				}
+				assert.EqualValues(t, kw.IDs, ids)
+			})
+		}
+
+		require.NoError(t, indexer.Delete(context.Background(), repoID))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestBleveIndexAndSearch(t *testing.T) {
+	unittest.PrepareTestEnv(t)
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+
+	idx := bleve.NewIndexer(dir)
+	_, err := idx.Init(context.Background())
+	if err != nil {
+		if idx != nil {
+			idx.Close()
+		}
+		assert.FailNow(t, "Unable to create bleve indexer Error: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer idx.Close()
+
+	testIndexer("bleve", t, idx)
+}
+
+func TestESIndexAndSearch(t *testing.T) {
+	unittest.PrepareTestEnv(t)
+
+	u := os.Getenv("TEST_INDEXER_CODE_ES_URL")
+	if u == "" {
+		t.SkipNow()
+		return
+	}
+
+	indexer := elasticsearch.NewIndexer(u, "gitea_codes")
+	if _, err := indexer.Init(context.Background()); err != nil {
+		if indexer != nil {
+			indexer.Close()
+		}
+		assert.FailNow(t, "Unable to init ES indexer Error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	defer indexer.Close()
+
+	testIndexer("elastic_search", t, indexer)
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/code/internal/indexer.go b/modules/indexer/code/internal/indexer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c259fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/code/internal/indexer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal"
+)
+
+// Indexer defines an interface to index and search code contents
+type Indexer interface {
+	internal.Indexer
+	Index(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, sha string, changes *RepoChanges) error
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, repoID int64) error
+	Search(ctx context.Context, opts *SearchOptions) (int64, []*SearchResult, []*SearchResultLanguages, error)
+}
+
+type SearchOptions struct {
+	RepoIDs  []int64
+	Keyword  string
+	Language string
+
+	IsKeywordFuzzy bool
+
+	db.Paginator
+}
+
+// NewDummyIndexer returns a dummy indexer
+func NewDummyIndexer() Indexer {
+	return &dummyIndexer{
+		Indexer: internal.NewDummyIndexer(),
+	}
+}
+
+type dummyIndexer struct {
+	internal.Indexer
+}
+
+func (d *dummyIndexer) Index(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, sha string, changes *RepoChanges) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("indexer is not ready")
+}
+
+func (d *dummyIndexer) Delete(ctx context.Context, repoID int64) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("indexer is not ready")
+}
+
+func (d *dummyIndexer) Search(ctx context.Context, opts *SearchOptions) (int64, []*SearchResult, []*SearchResultLanguages, error) {
+	return 0, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("indexer is not ready")
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/code/internal/model.go b/modules/indexer/code/internal/model.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f75263c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/code/internal/model.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package internal
+
+import "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
+
+type FileUpdate struct {
+	Filename string
+	BlobSha  string
+	Size     int64
+	Sized    bool
+}
+
+// RepoChanges changes (file additions/updates/removals) to a repo
+type RepoChanges struct {
+	Updates          []FileUpdate
+	RemovedFilenames []string
+}
+
+// IndexerData represents data stored in the code indexer
+type IndexerData struct {
+	RepoID int64
+}
+
+// SearchResult result of performing a search in a repo
+type SearchResult struct {
+	RepoID      int64
+	StartIndex  int
+	EndIndex    int
+	Filename    string
+	Content     string
+	CommitID    string
+	UpdatedUnix timeutil.TimeStamp
+	Language    string
+	Color       string
+}
+
+// SearchResultLanguages result of top languages count in search results
+type SearchResultLanguages struct {
+	Language string
+	Color    string
+	Count    int
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/code/internal/util.go b/modules/indexer/code/internal/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..689c4f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/code/internal/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+)
+
+func FilenameIndexerID(repoID int64, filename string) string {
+	return internal.Base36(repoID) + "_" + filename
+}
+
+func ParseIndexerID(indexerID string) (int64, string) {
+	index := strings.IndexByte(indexerID, '_')
+	if index == -1 {
+		log.Error("Unexpected ID in repo indexer: %s", indexerID)
+	}
+	repoID, _ := internal.ParseBase36(indexerID[:index])
+	return repoID, indexerID[index+1:]
+}
+
+func FilenameOfIndexerID(indexerID string) string {
+	index := strings.IndexByte(indexerID, '_')
+	if index == -1 {
+		log.Error("Unexpected ID in repo indexer: %s", indexerID)
+	}
+	return indexerID[index+1:]
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/code/search.go b/modules/indexer/code/search.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f45907a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/code/search.go
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package code
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"html/template"
+	"strings"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/highlight"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/code/internal"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/gitdiff"
+)
+
+// Result a search result to display
+type Result struct {
+	RepoID      int64
+	Filename    string
+	CommitID    string
+	UpdatedUnix timeutil.TimeStamp
+	Language    string
+	Color       string
+	Lines       []ResultLine
+}
+
+type ResultLine struct {
+	Num              int
+	FormattedContent template.HTML
+}
+
+type SearchResultLanguages = internal.SearchResultLanguages
+
+type SearchOptions = internal.SearchOptions
+
+func indices(content string, selectionStartIndex, selectionEndIndex int) (int, int) {
+	startIndex := selectionStartIndex
+	numLinesBefore := 0
+	for ; startIndex > 0; startIndex-- {
+		if content[startIndex-1] == '\n' {
+			if numLinesBefore == 1 {
+				break
+			}
+			numLinesBefore++
+		}
+	}
+
+	endIndex := selectionEndIndex
+	numLinesAfter := 0
+	for ; endIndex < len(content); endIndex++ {
+		if content[endIndex] == '\n' {
+			if numLinesAfter == 1 {
+				break
+			}
+			numLinesAfter++
+		}
+	}
+
+	return startIndex, endIndex
+}
+
+func writeStrings(buf *bytes.Buffer, strs ...string) error {
+	for _, s := range strs {
+		_, err := buf.WriteString(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+const (
+	highlightTagStart = "<span class=\"search-highlight\">"
+	highlightTagEnd   = "</span>"
+)
+
+func HighlightSearchResultCode(filename string, lineNums []int, highlightRanges [][3]int, code string) []ResultLine {
+	hcd := gitdiff.NewHighlightCodeDiff()
+	hcd.CollectUsedRunes(code)
+	startTag, endTag := hcd.NextPlaceholder(), hcd.NextPlaceholder()
+	hcd.PlaceholderTokenMap[startTag] = highlightTagStart
+	hcd.PlaceholderTokenMap[endTag] = highlightTagEnd
+
+	// we should highlight the whole code block first, otherwise it doesn't work well with multiple line highlighting
+	hl, _ := highlight.Code(filename, "", code)
+	conv := hcd.ConvertToPlaceholders(string(hl))
+	convLines := strings.Split(conv, "\n")
+
+	// each highlightRange is of the form [line number, start pos, end pos]
+	for _, highlightRange := range highlightRanges {
+		ln, start, end := highlightRange[0], highlightRange[1], highlightRange[2]
+		line := convLines[ln]
+		if line == "" || len(line) <= start || len(line) < end {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		sb := strings.Builder{}
+		count := -1
+		isOpen := false
+		for _, r := range line {
+			if token, ok := hcd.PlaceholderTokenMap[r];
+			// token was not found
+			!ok ||
+				// token was marked as used
+				token == "" ||
+				// the token is not an valid html tag emitted by chroma
+				!(len(token) > 6 && (token[0:5] == "<span" || token[0:6] == "</span")) {
+				count++
+			} else if !isOpen {
+				// open the tag only after all other placeholders
+				sb.WriteRune(r)
+				continue
+			} else if isOpen && count < end {
+				// if the tag is open, but a placeholder exists in between
+				// close the tag
+				sb.WriteRune(endTag)
+				// write the placeholder
+				sb.WriteRune(r)
+				// reopen the tag
+				sb.WriteRune(startTag)
+				continue
+			}
+
+			switch count {
+			case end:
+				// if tag is not open, no need to close
+				if !isOpen {
+					break
+				}
+				sb.WriteRune(endTag)
+				isOpen = false
+			case start:
+				// if tag is open, do not open again
+				if isOpen {
+					break
+				}
+				isOpen = true
+				sb.WriteRune(startTag)
+			}
+
+			sb.WriteRune(r)
+		}
+		if isOpen {
+			sb.WriteRune(endTag)
+		}
+		convLines[ln] = sb.String()
+	}
+	conv = strings.Join(convLines, "\n")
+
+	highlightedLines := strings.Split(hcd.Recover(conv), "\n")
+	// The lineNums outputted by highlight.Code might not match the original lineNums, because "highlight" removes the last `\n`
+	lines := make([]ResultLine, min(len(highlightedLines), len(lineNums)))
+	for i := 0; i < len(lines); i++ {
+		lines[i].Num = lineNums[i]
+		lines[i].FormattedContent = template.HTML(highlightedLines[i])
+	}
+	return lines
+}
+
+func searchResult(result *internal.SearchResult, startIndex, endIndex int) (*Result, error) {
+	startLineNum := 1 + strings.Count(result.Content[:startIndex], "\n")
+
+	var formattedLinesBuffer bytes.Buffer
+
+	contentLines := strings.SplitAfter(result.Content[startIndex:endIndex], "\n")
+	lineNums := make([]int, 0, len(contentLines))
+	index := startIndex
+	var highlightRanges [][3]int
+	for i, line := range contentLines {
+		var err error
+		if index < result.EndIndex &&
+			result.StartIndex < index+len(line) &&
+			result.StartIndex < result.EndIndex {
+			openActiveIndex := max(result.StartIndex-index, 0)
+			closeActiveIndex := min(result.EndIndex-index, len(line))
+			highlightRanges = append(highlightRanges, [3]int{i, openActiveIndex, closeActiveIndex})
+			err = writeStrings(&formattedLinesBuffer,
+				line[:openActiveIndex],
+				line[openActiveIndex:closeActiveIndex],
+				line[closeActiveIndex:],
+			)
+		} else {
+			err = writeStrings(&formattedLinesBuffer, line)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		lineNums = append(lineNums, startLineNum+i)
+		index += len(line)
+	}
+
+	return &Result{
+		RepoID:      result.RepoID,
+		Filename:    result.Filename,
+		CommitID:    result.CommitID,
+		UpdatedUnix: result.UpdatedUnix,
+		Language:    result.Language,
+		Color:       result.Color,
+		Lines:       HighlightSearchResultCode(result.Filename, lineNums, highlightRanges, formattedLinesBuffer.String()),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// PerformSearch perform a search on a repository
+// if isFuzzy is true set the Damerau-Levenshtein distance from 0 to 2
+func PerformSearch(ctx context.Context, opts *SearchOptions) (int, []*Result, []*SearchResultLanguages, error) {
+	if opts == nil || len(opts.Keyword) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	total, results, resultLanguages, err := (*globalIndexer.Load()).Search(ctx, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	displayResults := make([]*Result, len(results))
+
+	for i, result := range results {
+		startIndex, endIndex := indices(result.Content, result.StartIndex, result.EndIndex)
+		displayResults[i], err = searchResult(result, startIndex, endIndex)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, nil, nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return int(total), displayResults, resultLanguages, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/base32.go b/modules/indexer/internal/base32.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aca756c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/base32.go
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+func Base36(i int64) string {
+	return strconv.FormatInt(i, 36)
+}
+
+func ParseBase36(s string) (int64, error) {
+	i, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 36, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid base36 integer %q: %w", s, err)
+	}
+	return i, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/batch.go b/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/batch.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed5ef07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/batch.go
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package bleve
+
+import (
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2"
+)
+
+// FlushingBatch is a batch of operations that automatically flushes to the
+// underlying index once it reaches a certain size.
+type FlushingBatch struct {
+	maxBatchSize int
+	batch        *bleve.Batch
+	index        bleve.Index
+}
+
+// NewFlushingBatch creates a new flushing batch for the specified index. Once
+// the number of operations in the batch reaches the specified limit, the batch
+// automatically flushes its operations to the index.
+func NewFlushingBatch(index bleve.Index, maxBatchSize int) *FlushingBatch {
+	return &FlushingBatch{
+		maxBatchSize: maxBatchSize,
+		batch:        index.NewBatch(),
+		index:        index,
+	}
+}
+
+// Index add a new index to batch
+func (b *FlushingBatch) Index(id string, data any) error {
+	if err := b.batch.Index(id, data); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return b.flushIfFull()
+}
+
+// Delete add a delete index to batch
+func (b *FlushingBatch) Delete(id string) error {
+	b.batch.Delete(id)
+	return b.flushIfFull()
+}
+
+func (b *FlushingBatch) flushIfFull() error {
+	if b.batch.Size() < b.maxBatchSize {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return b.Flush()
+}
+
+// Flush submit the batch and create a new one
+func (b *FlushingBatch) Flush() error {
+	err := b.index.Batch(b.batch)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	b.batch = b.index.NewBatch()
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/indexer.go b/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/indexer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1435d2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/indexer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package bleve
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/mapping"
+)
+
+var _ internal.Indexer = &Indexer{}
+
+// Indexer represents a basic bleve indexer implementation
+type Indexer struct {
+	Indexer bleve.Index
+
+	indexDir      string
+	version       int
+	mappingGetter MappingGetter
+}
+
+type MappingGetter func() (mapping.IndexMapping, error)
+
+func NewIndexer(indexDir string, version int, mappingGetter func() (mapping.IndexMapping, error)) *Indexer {
+	return &Indexer{
+		indexDir:      indexDir,
+		version:       version,
+		mappingGetter: mappingGetter,
+	}
+}
+
+// Init initializes the indexer
+func (i *Indexer) Init(_ context.Context) (bool, error) {
+	if i == nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("cannot init nil indexer")
+	}
+
+	if i.Indexer != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("indexer is already initialized")
+	}
+
+	indexer, version, err := openIndexer(i.indexDir, i.version)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	if indexer != nil {
+		i.Indexer = indexer
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	if version != 0 {
+		log.Warn("Found older bleve index with version %d, Forgejo will remove it and rebuild", version)
+	}
+
+	indexMapping, err := i.mappingGetter()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	indexer, err = bleve.New(i.indexDir, indexMapping)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	if err = writeIndexMetadata(i.indexDir, &IndexMetadata{
+		Version: i.version,
+	}); err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	i.Indexer = indexer
+
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// Ping checks if the indexer is available
+func (i *Indexer) Ping(_ context.Context) error {
+	if i == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot ping nil indexer")
+	}
+	if i.Indexer == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("indexer is not initialized")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (i *Indexer) Close() {
+	if i == nil || i.Indexer == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := i.Indexer.Close(); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to close bleve indexer in %q: %v", i.indexDir, err)
+	}
+	i.Indexer = nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/metadata.go b/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/metadata.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c570ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/metadata.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Forgejo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Copied and modified from https://github.com/ethantkoenig/rupture (MIT License)
+
+package bleve
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/json"
+)
+
+const metaFilename = "rupture_meta.json"
+
+func indexMetadataPath(dir string) string {
+	return filepath.Join(dir, metaFilename)
+}
+
+// IndexMetadata contains metadata about a bleve index.
+type IndexMetadata struct {
+	// The version of the data in the index. This can be useful for tracking
+	// schema changes or data migrations.
+	Version int `json:"version"`
+}
+
+// readIndexMetadata returns the metadata for the index at the specified path.
+// If no such index metadata exists, an empty metadata and a nil error are
+// returned.
+func readIndexMetadata(path string) (*IndexMetadata, error) {
+	meta := &IndexMetadata{}
+	metaPath := indexMetadataPath(path)
+	if _, err := os.Stat(metaPath); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return meta, nil
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	metaBytes, err := os.ReadFile(metaPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return meta, json.Unmarshal(metaBytes, &meta)
+}
+
+// writeIndexMetadata writes metadata for the index at the specified path.
+func writeIndexMetadata(path string, meta *IndexMetadata) error {
+	metaBytes, err := json.Marshal(meta)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return os.WriteFile(indexMetadataPath(path), metaBytes, 0o644)
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/metadata_test.go b/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/metadata_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31603a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/metadata_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Forgejo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Copied and modified from https://github.com/ethantkoenig/rupture (MIT License)
+
+package bleve
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+
+	meta, err := readIndexMetadata(dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, &IndexMetadata{}, meta)
+
+	meta.Version = 24
+	require.NoError(t, writeIndexMetadata(dir, meta))
+
+	meta, err = readIndexMetadata(dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 24, meta.Version)
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/query.go b/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/query.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90626da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/query.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package bleve
+
+import (
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
+
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/search/query"
+)
+
+// NumericEqualityQuery generates a numeric equality query for the given value and field
+func NumericEqualityQuery(value int64, field string) *query.NumericRangeQuery {
+	f := float64(value)
+	tru := true                                                  // codespell-ignore
+	q := bleve.NewNumericRangeInclusiveQuery(&f, &f, &tru, &tru) // codespell-ignore
+	q.SetField(field)
+	return q
+}
+
+// MatchPhraseQuery generates a match phrase query for the given phrase, field and analyzer
+func MatchPhraseQuery(matchPhrase, field, analyzer string, fuzziness int) *query.MatchPhraseQuery {
+	q := bleve.NewMatchPhraseQuery(matchPhrase)
+	q.FieldVal = field
+	q.Analyzer = analyzer
+	q.Fuzziness = fuzziness
+	return q
+}
+
+// BoolFieldQuery generates a bool field query for the given value and field
+func BoolFieldQuery(value bool, field string) *query.BoolFieldQuery {
+	q := bleve.NewBoolFieldQuery(value)
+	q.SetField(field)
+	return q
+}
+
+func NumericRangeInclusiveQuery(min, max optional.Option[int64], field string) *query.NumericRangeQuery {
+	var minF, maxF *float64
+	var minI, maxI *bool
+	if min.Has() {
+		minF = new(float64)
+		*minF = float64(min.Value())
+		minI = new(bool)
+		*minI = true
+	}
+	if max.Has() {
+		maxF = new(float64)
+		*maxF = float64(max.Value())
+		maxI = new(bool)
+		*maxI = true
+	}
+	q := bleve.NewNumericRangeInclusiveQuery(minF, maxF, minI, maxI)
+	q.SetField(field)
+	return q
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/util.go b/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d05b679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/bleve/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package bleve
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"os"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
+
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/index/upsidedown"
+)
+
+// openIndexer open the index at the specified path, checking for metadata
+// updates and bleve version updates.  If index needs to be created (or
+// re-created), returns (nil, nil)
+func openIndexer(path string, latestVersion int) (bleve.Index, int, error) {
+	_, err := os.Stat(path)
+	if err != nil && os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return nil, 0, nil
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+
+	metadata, err := readIndexMetadata(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+	if metadata.Version < latestVersion {
+		// the indexer is using a previous version, so we should delete it and
+		// re-populate
+		return nil, metadata.Version, util.RemoveAll(path)
+	}
+
+	index, err := bleve.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, upsidedown.IncompatibleVersion) {
+			log.Warn("Indexer was built with a previous version of bleve, deleting and rebuilding")
+			return nil, 0, util.RemoveAll(path)
+		}
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+
+	return index, 0, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/db/indexer.go b/modules/indexer/internal/db/indexer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3deec83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/db/indexer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package db
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal"
+)
+
+var _ internal.Indexer = &Indexer{}
+
+// Indexer represents a basic db indexer implementation
+type Indexer struct{}
+
+// Init initializes the indexer
+func (i *Indexer) Init(_ context.Context) (bool, error) {
+	// Return true to indicate that the index was opened/existed.
+	// So that the indexer will not try to populate the index, the data is already there.
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+// Ping checks if the indexer is available
+func (i *Indexer) Ping(_ context.Context) error {
+	// No need to ping database to check if it is available.
+	// If the database goes down, Gitea will go down, so nobody will care if the indexer is available.
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Close closes the indexer
+func (i *Indexer) Close() {
+	// nothing to do
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/elasticsearch/indexer.go b/modules/indexer/internal/elasticsearch/indexer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..395eea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/elasticsearch/indexer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package elasticsearch
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal"
+
+	"github.com/olivere/elastic/v7"
+)
+
+var _ internal.Indexer = &Indexer{}
+
+// Indexer represents a basic elasticsearch indexer implementation
+type Indexer struct {
+	Client *elastic.Client
+
+	url       string
+	indexName string
+	version   int
+	mapping   string
+}
+
+func NewIndexer(url, indexName string, version int, mapping string) *Indexer {
+	return &Indexer{
+		url:       url,
+		indexName: indexName,
+		version:   version,
+		mapping:   mapping,
+	}
+}
+
+// Init initializes the indexer
+func (i *Indexer) Init(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
+	if i == nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("cannot init nil indexer")
+	}
+	if i.Client != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("indexer is already initialized")
+	}
+
+	client, err := i.initClient()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	i.Client = client
+
+	exists, err := i.Client.IndexExists(i.VersionedIndexName()).Do(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	if exists {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	if err := i.createIndex(ctx); err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	return exists, nil
+}
+
+// Ping checks if the indexer is available
+func (i *Indexer) Ping(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if i == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot ping nil indexer")
+	}
+	if i.Client == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("indexer is not initialized")
+	}
+
+	resp, err := i.Client.ClusterHealth().Do(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if resp.Status != "green" && resp.Status != "yellow" {
+		// It's healthy if the status is green, and it's available if the status is yellow,
+		// see https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/cluster-health.html
+		return fmt.Errorf("status of elasticsearch cluster is %s", resp.Status)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Close closes the indexer
+func (i *Indexer) Close() {
+	if i == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	i.Client = nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/elasticsearch/util.go b/modules/indexer/internal/elasticsearch/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18cb152
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/elasticsearch/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package elasticsearch
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+
+	"github.com/olivere/elastic/v7"
+)
+
+// VersionedIndexName returns the full index name with version
+func (i *Indexer) VersionedIndexName() string {
+	return versionedIndexName(i.indexName, i.version)
+}
+
+func versionedIndexName(indexName string, version int) string {
+	if version == 0 {
+		// Old index name without version
+		return indexName
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s.v%d", indexName, version)
+}
+
+func (i *Indexer) createIndex(ctx context.Context) error {
+	createIndex, err := i.Client.CreateIndex(i.VersionedIndexName()).BodyString(i.mapping).Do(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !createIndex.Acknowledged {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create index %s with %s failed", i.VersionedIndexName(), i.mapping)
+	}
+
+	i.checkOldIndexes(ctx)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (i *Indexer) initClient() (*elastic.Client, error) {
+	opts := []elastic.ClientOptionFunc{
+		elastic.SetURL(i.url),
+		elastic.SetSniff(false),
+		elastic.SetHealthcheckInterval(10 * time.Second),
+		elastic.SetGzip(false),
+	}
+
+	logger := log.GetLogger(log.DEFAULT)
+
+	opts = append(opts, elastic.SetTraceLog(&log.PrintfLogger{Logf: logger.Trace}))
+	opts = append(opts, elastic.SetInfoLog(&log.PrintfLogger{Logf: logger.Info}))
+	opts = append(opts, elastic.SetErrorLog(&log.PrintfLogger{Logf: logger.Error}))
+
+	return elastic.NewClient(opts...)
+}
+
+func (i *Indexer) checkOldIndexes(ctx context.Context) {
+	for v := 0; v < i.version; v++ {
+		indexName := versionedIndexName(i.indexName, v)
+		exists, err := i.Client.IndexExists(indexName).Do(ctx)
+		if err == nil && exists {
+			log.Warn("Found older elasticsearch index named %q, Forgejo will keep the old NOT DELETED. You can delete the old version after the upgrade succeed.", indexName)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/indexer.go b/modules/indexer/internal/indexer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7f356d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/indexer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// Indexer defines an basic indexer interface
+type Indexer interface {
+	// Init initializes the indexer
+	// returns true if the index was opened/existed (with data populated), false if it was created/not-existed (with no data)
+	Init(ctx context.Context) (bool, error)
+	// Ping checks if the indexer is available
+	Ping(ctx context.Context) error
+	// Close closes the indexer
+	Close()
+}
+
+// NewDummyIndexer returns a dummy indexer
+func NewDummyIndexer() Indexer {
+	return &dummyIndexer{}
+}
+
+type dummyIndexer struct{}
+
+func (d *dummyIndexer) Init(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
+	return false, fmt.Errorf("indexer is not ready")
+}
+
+func (d *dummyIndexer) Ping(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("indexer is not ready")
+}
+
+func (d *dummyIndexer) Close() {}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/meilisearch/filter.go b/modules/indexer/internal/meilisearch/filter.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..593177f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/meilisearch/filter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package meilisearch
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Filter represents a filter for meilisearch queries.
+// It's just a simple wrapper around a string.
+// DO NOT assume that it is a complete implementation.
+type Filter interface {
+	Statement() string
+}
+
+type FilterAnd struct {
+	filters []Filter
+}
+
+func (f *FilterAnd) Statement() string {
+	var statements []string
+	for _, filter := range f.filters {
+		if s := filter.Statement(); s != "" {
+			statements = append(statements, fmt.Sprintf("(%s)", s))
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Join(statements, " AND ")
+}
+
+func (f *FilterAnd) And(filter Filter) *FilterAnd {
+	f.filters = append(f.filters, filter)
+	return f
+}
+
+type FilterOr struct {
+	filters []Filter
+}
+
+func (f *FilterOr) Statement() string {
+	var statements []string
+	for _, filter := range f.filters {
+		if s := filter.Statement(); s != "" {
+			statements = append(statements, fmt.Sprintf("(%s)", s))
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Join(statements, " OR ")
+}
+
+func (f *FilterOr) Or(filter Filter) *FilterOr {
+	f.filters = append(f.filters, filter)
+	return f
+}
+
+type FilterIn string
+
+// NewFilterIn creates a new FilterIn.
+// It supports int64 only, to avoid extra works to handle strings with special characters.
+func NewFilterIn[T int64](field string, values ...T) FilterIn {
+	if len(values) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	vs := make([]string, len(values))
+	for i, v := range values {
+		vs[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v", v)
+	}
+	return FilterIn(fmt.Sprintf("%s IN [%v]", field, strings.Join(vs, ", ")))
+}
+
+func (f FilterIn) Statement() string {
+	return string(f)
+}
+
+type FilterEq string
+
+// NewFilterEq creates a new FilterEq.
+// It supports int64 and bool only, to avoid extra works to handle strings with special characters.
+func NewFilterEq[T bool | int64](field string, value T) FilterEq {
+	return FilterEq(fmt.Sprintf("%s = %v", field, value))
+}
+
+func (f FilterEq) Statement() string {
+	return string(f)
+}
+
+type FilterNot string
+
+func NewFilterNot(filter Filter) FilterNot {
+	return FilterNot(fmt.Sprintf("NOT (%s)", filter.Statement()))
+}
+
+func (f FilterNot) Statement() string {
+	return string(f)
+}
+
+type FilterGte string
+
+// NewFilterGte creates a new FilterGte.
+// It supports int64 only, to avoid extra works to handle strings with special characters.
+func NewFilterGte[T int64](field string, value T) FilterGte {
+	return FilterGte(fmt.Sprintf("%s >= %v", field, value))
+}
+
+func (f FilterGte) Statement() string {
+	return string(f)
+}
+
+type FilterLte string
+
+// NewFilterLte creates a new FilterLte.
+// It supports int64 only, to avoid extra works to handle strings with special characters.
+func NewFilterLte[T int64](field string, value T) FilterLte {
+	return FilterLte(fmt.Sprintf("%s <= %v", field, value))
+}
+
+func (f FilterLte) Statement() string {
+	return string(f)
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/meilisearch/indexer.go b/modules/indexer/internal/meilisearch/indexer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..feac1d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/meilisearch/indexer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package meilisearch
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/meilisearch/meilisearch-go"
+)
+
+// Indexer represents a basic meilisearch indexer implementation
+type Indexer struct {
+	Client meilisearch.ServiceManager
+
+	url, apiKey string
+	indexName   string
+	version     int
+	settings    *meilisearch.Settings
+}
+
+func NewIndexer(url, apiKey, indexName string, version int, settings *meilisearch.Settings) *Indexer {
+	return &Indexer{
+		url:       url,
+		apiKey:    apiKey,
+		indexName: indexName,
+		version:   version,
+		settings:  settings,
+	}
+}
+
+// Init initializes the indexer
+func (i *Indexer) Init(_ context.Context) (bool, error) {
+	if i == nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("cannot init nil indexer")
+	}
+
+	if i.Client != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("indexer is already initialized")
+	}
+
+	i.Client = meilisearch.New(i.url, meilisearch.WithAPIKey(i.apiKey))
+
+	_, err := i.Client.GetIndex(i.VersionedIndexName())
+	if err == nil {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+	_, err = i.Client.CreateIndex(&meilisearch.IndexConfig{
+		Uid:        i.VersionedIndexName(),
+		PrimaryKey: "id",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	i.checkOldIndexes()
+
+	_, err = i.Client.Index(i.VersionedIndexName()).UpdateSettings(i.settings)
+	return false, err
+}
+
+// Ping checks if the indexer is available
+func (i *Indexer) Ping(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if i == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot ping nil indexer")
+	}
+	if i.Client == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("indexer is not initialized")
+	}
+	resp, err := i.Client.Health()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if resp.Status != "available" {
+		// See https://docs.meilisearch.com/reference/api/health.html#status
+		return fmt.Errorf("status of meilisearch is not available: %s", resp.Status)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Close closes the indexer
+func (i *Indexer) Close() {
+	if i == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	i.Client = nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/meilisearch/util.go b/modules/indexer/internal/meilisearch/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..845bdb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/meilisearch/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package meilisearch
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+)
+
+// VersionedIndexName returns the full index name with version
+func (i *Indexer) VersionedIndexName() string {
+	return versionedIndexName(i.indexName, i.version)
+}
+
+func versionedIndexName(indexName string, version int) string {
+	if version == 0 {
+		// Old index name without version
+		return indexName
+	}
+
+	// The format of the index name is <index_name>_v<version>, not <index_name>.v<version> like elasticsearch.
+	// Because meilisearch does not support "." in index name, it should contain only alphanumeric characters, hyphens (-) and underscores (_).
+	// See https://www.meilisearch.com/docs/learn/core_concepts/indexes#index-uid
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s_v%d", indexName, version)
+}
+
+func (i *Indexer) checkOldIndexes() {
+	for v := 0; v < i.version; v++ {
+		indexName := versionedIndexName(i.indexName, v)
+		_, err := i.Client.GetIndex(indexName)
+		if err == nil {
+			log.Warn("Found older meilisearch index named %q, Forgejo will keep the old NOT DELETED. You can delete the old version after the upgrade succeed.", indexName)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/internal/paginator.go b/modules/indexer/internal/paginator.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee204bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/internal/paginator.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"math"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+)
+
+// ParsePaginator parses a db.Paginator into a skip and limit
+func ParsePaginator(paginator *db.ListOptions, max ...int) (int, int) {
+	// Use a very large number to indicate no limit
+	unlimited := math.MaxInt32
+	if len(max) > 0 {
+		// Some indexer engines have a limit on the page size, respect that
+		unlimited = max[0]
+	}
+
+	if paginator == nil || paginator.IsListAll() {
+		// It shouldn't happen. In actual usage scenarios, there should not be requests to search all.
+		// But if it does happen, respect it and return "unlimited".
+		// And it's also useful for testing.
+		return 0, unlimited
+	}
+
+	if paginator.PageSize == 0 {
+		// Do not return any results when searching, it's used to get the total count only.
+		return 0, 0
+	}
+
+	return paginator.GetSkipTake()
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/bleve/bleve.go b/modules/indexer/issues/bleve/bleve.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b20fcc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/bleve/bleve.go
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package bleve
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	indexer_internal "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal"
+	inner_bleve "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal/bleve"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/internal"
+
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/analysis/analyzer/custom"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/analysis/token/camelcase"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/analysis/token/lowercase"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/analysis/token/unicodenorm"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/analysis/tokenizer/unicode"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/mapping"
+	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/search/query"
+)
+
+const (
+	issueIndexerAnalyzer      = "issueIndexer"
+	issueIndexerDocType       = "issueIndexerDocType"
+	issueIndexerLatestVersion = 4
+)
+
+const unicodeNormalizeName = "unicodeNormalize"
+
+func addUnicodeNormalizeTokenFilter(m *mapping.IndexMappingImpl) error {
+	return m.AddCustomTokenFilter(unicodeNormalizeName, map[string]any{
+		"type": unicodenorm.Name,
+		"form": unicodenorm.NFC,
+	})
+}
+
+const (
+	maxBatchSize = 16
+	// fuzzyDenominator determines the levenshtein distance per each character of a keyword
+	fuzzyDenominator = 4
+	// see https://github.com/blevesearch/bleve/issues/1563#issuecomment-786822311
+	maxFuzziness = 2
+)
+
+// IndexerData an update to the issue indexer
+type IndexerData internal.IndexerData
+
+// Type returns the document type, for bleve's mapping.Classifier interface.
+func (i *IndexerData) Type() string {
+	return issueIndexerDocType
+}
+
+// generateIssueIndexMapping generates the bleve index mapping for issues
+func generateIssueIndexMapping() (mapping.IndexMapping, error) {
+	mapping := bleve.NewIndexMapping()
+	docMapping := bleve.NewDocumentMapping()
+
+	numericFieldMapping := bleve.NewNumericFieldMapping()
+	numericFieldMapping.Store = false
+	numericFieldMapping.IncludeInAll = false
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("repo_id", numericFieldMapping)
+
+	textFieldMapping := bleve.NewTextFieldMapping()
+	textFieldMapping.Store = false
+	textFieldMapping.IncludeInAll = false
+
+	boolFieldMapping := bleve.NewBooleanFieldMapping()
+	boolFieldMapping.Store = false
+	boolFieldMapping.IncludeInAll = false
+
+	numberFieldMapping := bleve.NewNumericFieldMapping()
+	numberFieldMapping.Store = false
+	numberFieldMapping.IncludeInAll = false
+
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("is_public", boolFieldMapping)
+
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("title", textFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("content", textFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("comments", textFieldMapping)
+
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("is_pull", boolFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("is_closed", boolFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("label_ids", numberFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("no_label", boolFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("milestone_id", numberFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("project_id", numberFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("project_board_id", numberFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("poster_id", numberFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("assignee_id", numberFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("mention_ids", numberFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("reviewed_ids", numberFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("review_requested_ids", numberFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("subscriber_ids", numberFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("updated_unix", numberFieldMapping)
+
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("created_unix", numberFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("deadline_unix", numberFieldMapping)
+	docMapping.AddFieldMappingsAt("comment_count", numberFieldMapping)
+
+	if err := addUnicodeNormalizeTokenFilter(mapping); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if err = mapping.AddCustomAnalyzer(issueIndexerAnalyzer, map[string]any{
+		"type":          custom.Name,
+		"char_filters":  []string{},
+		"tokenizer":     unicode.Name,
+		"token_filters": []string{unicodeNormalizeName, camelcase.Name, lowercase.Name},
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	mapping.DefaultAnalyzer = issueIndexerAnalyzer
+	mapping.AddDocumentMapping(issueIndexerDocType, docMapping)
+	mapping.AddDocumentMapping("_all", bleve.NewDocumentDisabledMapping())
+	mapping.DefaultMapping = bleve.NewDocumentDisabledMapping() // disable default mapping, avoid indexing unexpected structs
+
+	return mapping, nil
+}
+
+var _ internal.Indexer = &Indexer{}
+
+// Indexer implements Indexer interface
+type Indexer struct {
+	inner                    *inner_bleve.Indexer
+	indexer_internal.Indexer // do not composite inner_bleve.Indexer directly to avoid exposing too much
+}
+
+// NewIndexer creates a new bleve local indexer
+func NewIndexer(indexDir string) *Indexer {
+	inner := inner_bleve.NewIndexer(indexDir, issueIndexerLatestVersion, generateIssueIndexMapping)
+	return &Indexer{
+		Indexer: inner,
+		inner:   inner,
+	}
+}
+
+// Index will save the index data
+func (b *Indexer) Index(_ context.Context, issues ...*internal.IndexerData) error {
+	batch := inner_bleve.NewFlushingBatch(b.inner.Indexer, maxBatchSize)
+	for _, issue := range issues {
+		if err := batch.Index(indexer_internal.Base36(issue.ID), (*IndexerData)(issue)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return batch.Flush()
+}
+
+// Delete deletes indexes by ids
+func (b *Indexer) Delete(_ context.Context, ids ...int64) error {
+	batch := inner_bleve.NewFlushingBatch(b.inner.Indexer, maxBatchSize)
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		if err := batch.Delete(indexer_internal.Base36(id)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return batch.Flush()
+}
+
+// Search searches for issues by given conditions.
+// Returns the matching issue IDs
+func (b *Indexer) Search(ctx context.Context, options *internal.SearchOptions) (*internal.SearchResult, error) {
+	var queries []query.Query
+
+	if options.Keyword != "" {
+		fuzziness := 0
+		if options.IsFuzzyKeyword {
+			fuzziness = min(maxFuzziness, len(options.Keyword)/fuzzyDenominator)
+		}
+
+		queries = append(queries, bleve.NewDisjunctionQuery([]query.Query{
+			inner_bleve.MatchPhraseQuery(options.Keyword, "title", issueIndexerAnalyzer, fuzziness),
+			inner_bleve.MatchPhraseQuery(options.Keyword, "content", issueIndexerAnalyzer, fuzziness),
+			inner_bleve.MatchPhraseQuery(options.Keyword, "comments", issueIndexerAnalyzer, fuzziness),
+		}...))
+	}
+
+	if len(options.RepoIDs) > 0 || options.AllPublic {
+		var repoQueries []query.Query
+		for _, repoID := range options.RepoIDs {
+			repoQueries = append(repoQueries, inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(repoID, "repo_id"))
+		}
+		if options.AllPublic {
+			repoQueries = append(repoQueries, inner_bleve.BoolFieldQuery(true, "is_public"))
+		}
+		queries = append(queries, bleve.NewDisjunctionQuery(repoQueries...))
+	}
+
+	if options.IsPull.Has() {
+		queries = append(queries, inner_bleve.BoolFieldQuery(options.IsPull.Value(), "is_pull"))
+	}
+	if options.IsClosed.Has() {
+		queries = append(queries, inner_bleve.BoolFieldQuery(options.IsClosed.Value(), "is_closed"))
+	}
+
+	if options.NoLabelOnly {
+		queries = append(queries, inner_bleve.BoolFieldQuery(true, "no_label"))
+	} else {
+		if len(options.IncludedLabelIDs) > 0 {
+			var includeQueries []query.Query
+			for _, labelID := range options.IncludedLabelIDs {
+				includeQueries = append(includeQueries, inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(labelID, "label_ids"))
+			}
+			queries = append(queries, bleve.NewConjunctionQuery(includeQueries...))
+		} else if len(options.IncludedAnyLabelIDs) > 0 {
+			var includeQueries []query.Query
+			for _, labelID := range options.IncludedAnyLabelIDs {
+				includeQueries = append(includeQueries, inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(labelID, "label_ids"))
+			}
+			queries = append(queries, bleve.NewDisjunctionQuery(includeQueries...))
+		}
+		if len(options.ExcludedLabelIDs) > 0 {
+			var excludeQueries []query.Query
+			for _, labelID := range options.ExcludedLabelIDs {
+				q := bleve.NewBooleanQuery()
+				q.AddMustNot(inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(labelID, "label_ids"))
+				excludeQueries = append(excludeQueries, q)
+			}
+			queries = append(queries, bleve.NewConjunctionQuery(excludeQueries...))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(options.MilestoneIDs) > 0 {
+		var milestoneQueries []query.Query
+		for _, milestoneID := range options.MilestoneIDs {
+			milestoneQueries = append(milestoneQueries, inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(milestoneID, "milestone_id"))
+		}
+		queries = append(queries, bleve.NewDisjunctionQuery(milestoneQueries...))
+	}
+
+	if options.ProjectID.Has() {
+		queries = append(queries, inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(options.ProjectID.Value(), "project_id"))
+	}
+	if options.ProjectColumnID.Has() {
+		queries = append(queries, inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(options.ProjectColumnID.Value(), "project_board_id"))
+	}
+
+	if options.PosterID.Has() {
+		queries = append(queries, inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(options.PosterID.Value(), "poster_id"))
+	}
+
+	if options.AssigneeID.Has() {
+		queries = append(queries, inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(options.AssigneeID.Value(), "assignee_id"))
+	}
+
+	if options.MentionID.Has() {
+		queries = append(queries, inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(options.MentionID.Value(), "mention_ids"))
+	}
+
+	if options.ReviewedID.Has() {
+		queries = append(queries, inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(options.ReviewedID.Value(), "reviewed_ids"))
+	}
+	if options.ReviewRequestedID.Has() {
+		queries = append(queries, inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(options.ReviewRequestedID.Value(), "review_requested_ids"))
+	}
+
+	if options.SubscriberID.Has() {
+		queries = append(queries, inner_bleve.NumericEqualityQuery(options.SubscriberID.Value(), "subscriber_ids"))
+	}
+
+	if options.UpdatedAfterUnix.Has() || options.UpdatedBeforeUnix.Has() {
+		queries = append(queries, inner_bleve.NumericRangeInclusiveQuery(
+			options.UpdatedAfterUnix,
+			options.UpdatedBeforeUnix,
+			"updated_unix"))
+	}
+
+	var indexerQuery query.Query = bleve.NewConjunctionQuery(queries...)
+	if len(queries) == 0 {
+		indexerQuery = bleve.NewMatchAllQuery()
+	}
+
+	skip, limit := indexer_internal.ParsePaginator(options.Paginator)
+	search := bleve.NewSearchRequestOptions(indexerQuery, limit, skip, false)
+
+	if options.SortBy == "" {
+		options.SortBy = internal.SortByCreatedAsc
+	}
+
+	search.SortBy([]string{string(options.SortBy), "-_id"})
+
+	result, err := b.inner.Indexer.SearchInContext(ctx, search)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	ret := &internal.SearchResult{
+		Total: int64(result.Total),
+		Hits:  make([]internal.Match, 0, len(result.Hits)),
+	}
+	for _, hit := range result.Hits {
+		id, err := indexer_internal.ParseBase36(hit.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		ret.Hits = append(ret.Hits, internal.Match{
+			ID: id,
+		})
+	}
+	return ret, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/bleve/bleve_test.go b/modules/indexer/issues/bleve/bleve_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..908514a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/bleve/bleve_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package bleve
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/internal/tests"
+)
+
+func TestBleveIndexer(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	indexer := NewIndexer(dir)
+	defer indexer.Close()
+
+	tests.TestIndexer(t, indexer)
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/db/db.go b/modules/indexer/issues/db/db.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05ec548
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/db/db.go
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package db
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	issue_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/issues"
+	indexer_internal "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal"
+	inner_db "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/internal"
+
+	"xorm.io/builder"
+)
+
+var _ internal.Indexer = &Indexer{}
+
+// Indexer implements Indexer interface to use database's like search
+type Indexer struct {
+	indexer_internal.Indexer
+}
+
+func NewIndexer() *Indexer {
+	return &Indexer{
+		Indexer: &inner_db.Indexer{},
+	}
+}
+
+// Index dummy function
+func (i *Indexer) Index(_ context.Context, _ ...*internal.IndexerData) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Delete dummy function
+func (i *Indexer) Delete(_ context.Context, _ ...int64) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Search searches for issues
+func (i *Indexer) Search(ctx context.Context, options *internal.SearchOptions) (*internal.SearchResult, error) {
+	// FIXME: I tried to avoid importing models here, but it seems to be impossible.
+	//        We can provide a function to register the search function, so models/issues can register it.
+	//        So models/issues will import modules/indexer/issues, it's OK because it's by design.
+	//        But modules/indexer/issues has already imported models/issues to do UpdateRepoIndexer and UpdateIssueIndexer.
+	//        And to avoid circular import, we have to move the functions to another package.
+	//        I believe it should be services/indexer, sounds great!
+	//        But the two functions are used in modules/notification/indexer, that means we will import services/indexer in modules/notification/indexer.
+	//        So that's the root problem:
+	//        The notification is defined in modules, but it's using lots of things should be in services.
+
+	cond := builder.NewCond()
+
+	if options.Keyword != "" {
+		repoCond := builder.In("repo_id", options.RepoIDs)
+		if len(options.RepoIDs) == 1 {
+			repoCond = builder.Eq{"repo_id": options.RepoIDs[0]}
+		}
+		subQuery := builder.Select("id").From("issue").Where(repoCond)
+
+		cond = builder.Or(
+			db.BuildCaseInsensitiveLike("issue.name", options.Keyword),
+			db.BuildCaseInsensitiveLike("issue.content", options.Keyword),
+			builder.In("issue.id", builder.Select("issue_id").
+				From("comment").
+				Where(builder.And(
+					builder.Eq{"type": issue_model.CommentTypeComment},
+					builder.In("issue_id", subQuery),
+					db.BuildCaseInsensitiveLike("content", options.Keyword),
+				)),
+			),
+		)
+	}
+
+	opt, err := ToDBOptions(ctx, options)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// If pagesize == 0, return total count only. It's a special case for search count.
+	if options.Paginator != nil && options.Paginator.PageSize == 0 {
+		total, err := issue_model.CountIssues(ctx, opt, cond)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return &internal.SearchResult{
+			Total: total,
+		}, nil
+	}
+
+	ids, total, err := issue_model.IssueIDs(ctx, opt, cond)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	hits := make([]internal.Match, 0, len(ids))
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		hits = append(hits, internal.Match{
+			ID: id,
+		})
+	}
+	return &internal.SearchResult{
+		Total: total,
+		Hits:  hits,
+	}, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/db/options.go b/modules/indexer/issues/db/options.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..875a4ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/db/options.go
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package db
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	issue_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/issues"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/container"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/internal"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
+)
+
+func ToDBOptions(ctx context.Context, options *internal.SearchOptions) (*issue_model.IssuesOptions, error) {
+	var sortType string
+	switch options.SortBy {
+	case internal.SortByCreatedAsc:
+		sortType = "oldest"
+	case internal.SortByUpdatedAsc:
+		sortType = "leastupdate"
+	case internal.SortByCommentsAsc:
+		sortType = "leastcomment"
+	case internal.SortByDeadlineDesc:
+		sortType = "farduedate"
+	case internal.SortByCreatedDesc:
+		sortType = "newest"
+	case internal.SortByUpdatedDesc:
+		sortType = "recentupdate"
+	case internal.SortByCommentsDesc:
+		sortType = "mostcomment"
+	case internal.SortByDeadlineAsc:
+		sortType = "nearduedate"
+	default:
+		sortType = "newest"
+	}
+
+	// See the comment of issues_model.SearchOptions for the reason why we need to convert
+	convertID := func(id optional.Option[int64]) int64 {
+		if !id.Has() {
+			return 0
+		}
+		value := id.Value()
+		if value == 0 {
+			return db.NoConditionID
+		}
+		return value
+	}
+
+	opts := &issue_model.IssuesOptions{
+		Paginator:          options.Paginator,
+		RepoIDs:            options.RepoIDs,
+		AllPublic:          options.AllPublic,
+		RepoCond:           nil,
+		AssigneeID:         convertID(options.AssigneeID),
+		PosterID:           convertID(options.PosterID),
+		MentionedID:        convertID(options.MentionID),
+		ReviewRequestedID:  convertID(options.ReviewRequestedID),
+		ReviewedID:         convertID(options.ReviewedID),
+		SubscriberID:       convertID(options.SubscriberID),
+		ProjectID:          convertID(options.ProjectID),
+		ProjectColumnID:    convertID(options.ProjectColumnID),
+		IsClosed:           options.IsClosed,
+		IsPull:             options.IsPull,
+		IncludedLabelNames: nil,
+		ExcludedLabelNames: nil,
+		IncludeMilestones:  nil,
+		SortType:           sortType,
+		IssueIDs:           nil,
+		UpdatedAfterUnix:   options.UpdatedAfterUnix.Value(),
+		UpdatedBeforeUnix:  options.UpdatedBeforeUnix.Value(),
+		PriorityRepoID:     0,
+		IsArchived:         optional.None[bool](),
+		Org:                nil,
+		Team:               nil,
+		User:               nil,
+	}
+
+	if len(options.MilestoneIDs) == 1 && options.MilestoneIDs[0] == 0 {
+		opts.MilestoneIDs = []int64{db.NoConditionID}
+	} else {
+		opts.MilestoneIDs = options.MilestoneIDs
+	}
+
+	if options.NoLabelOnly {
+		opts.LabelIDs = []int64{0} // Be careful, it's zero, not db.NoConditionID
+	} else {
+		opts.LabelIDs = make([]int64, 0, len(options.IncludedLabelIDs)+len(options.ExcludedLabelIDs))
+		opts.LabelIDs = append(opts.LabelIDs, options.IncludedLabelIDs...)
+		for _, id := range options.ExcludedLabelIDs {
+			opts.LabelIDs = append(opts.LabelIDs, -id)
+		}
+
+		if len(options.IncludedLabelIDs) == 0 && len(options.IncludedAnyLabelIDs) > 0 {
+			labels, err := issue_model.GetLabelsByIDs(ctx, options.IncludedAnyLabelIDs, "name")
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("GetLabelsByIDs: %v", err)
+			}
+			set := container.Set[string]{}
+			for _, label := range labels {
+				if !set.Contains(label.Name) {
+					set.Add(label.Name)
+					opts.IncludedLabelNames = append(opts.IncludedLabelNames, label.Name)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return opts, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/dboptions.go b/modules/indexer/issues/dboptions.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1f454e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/dboptions.go
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package issues
+
+import (
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	issues_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/issues"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
+)
+
+func ToSearchOptions(keyword string, opts *issues_model.IssuesOptions) *SearchOptions {
+	searchOpt := &SearchOptions{
+		Keyword:   keyword,
+		RepoIDs:   opts.RepoIDs,
+		AllPublic: opts.AllPublic,
+		IsPull:    opts.IsPull,
+		IsClosed:  opts.IsClosed,
+	}
+
+	if len(opts.LabelIDs) == 1 && opts.LabelIDs[0] == 0 {
+		searchOpt.NoLabelOnly = true
+	} else {
+		for _, labelID := range opts.LabelIDs {
+			if labelID > 0 {
+				searchOpt.IncludedLabelIDs = append(searchOpt.IncludedLabelIDs, labelID)
+			} else {
+				searchOpt.ExcludedLabelIDs = append(searchOpt.ExcludedLabelIDs, -labelID)
+			}
+		}
+		// opts.IncludedLabelNames and opts.ExcludedLabelNames are not supported here.
+		// It's not a TO DO, it's just unnecessary.
+	}
+
+	if len(opts.MilestoneIDs) == 1 && opts.MilestoneIDs[0] == db.NoConditionID {
+		searchOpt.MilestoneIDs = []int64{0}
+	} else {
+		searchOpt.MilestoneIDs = opts.MilestoneIDs
+	}
+
+	if opts.ProjectID > 0 {
+		searchOpt.ProjectID = optional.Some(opts.ProjectID)
+	} else if opts.ProjectID == -1 { // FIXME: this is inconsistent from other places
+		searchOpt.ProjectID = optional.Some[int64](0) // Those issues with no project(projectid==0)
+	}
+
+	if opts.AssigneeID > 0 {
+		searchOpt.AssigneeID = optional.Some(opts.AssigneeID)
+	} else if opts.AssigneeID == -1 { // FIXME: this is inconsistent from other places
+		searchOpt.AssigneeID = optional.Some[int64](0)
+	}
+
+	// See the comment of issues_model.SearchOptions for the reason why we need to convert
+	convertID := func(id int64) optional.Option[int64] {
+		if id > 0 {
+			return optional.Some(id)
+		}
+		if id == db.NoConditionID {
+			return optional.None[int64]()
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	searchOpt.ProjectColumnID = convertID(opts.ProjectColumnID)
+	searchOpt.PosterID = convertID(opts.PosterID)
+	searchOpt.MentionID = convertID(opts.MentionedID)
+	searchOpt.ReviewedID = convertID(opts.ReviewedID)
+	searchOpt.ReviewRequestedID = convertID(opts.ReviewRequestedID)
+	searchOpt.SubscriberID = convertID(opts.SubscriberID)
+
+	if opts.UpdatedAfterUnix > 0 {
+		searchOpt.UpdatedAfterUnix = optional.Some(opts.UpdatedAfterUnix)
+	}
+	if opts.UpdatedBeforeUnix > 0 {
+		searchOpt.UpdatedBeforeUnix = optional.Some(opts.UpdatedBeforeUnix)
+	}
+
+	searchOpt.Paginator = opts.Paginator
+
+	switch opts.SortType {
+	case "", "latest":
+		searchOpt.SortBy = SortByCreatedDesc
+	case "oldest":
+		searchOpt.SortBy = SortByCreatedAsc
+	case "recentupdate":
+		searchOpt.SortBy = SortByUpdatedDesc
+	case "leastupdate":
+		searchOpt.SortBy = SortByUpdatedAsc
+	case "mostcomment":
+		searchOpt.SortBy = SortByCommentsDesc
+	case "leastcomment":
+		searchOpt.SortBy = SortByCommentsAsc
+	case "nearduedate":
+		searchOpt.SortBy = SortByDeadlineAsc
+	case "farduedate":
+		searchOpt.SortBy = SortByDeadlineDesc
+	case "priority", "priorityrepo", "project-column-sorting":
+		// Unsupported sort type for search
+		fallthrough
+	default:
+		searchOpt.SortBy = SortByUpdatedDesc
+	}
+
+	return searchOpt
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.go b/modules/indexer/issues/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42e709a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.go
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package elasticsearch
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/graceful"
+	indexer_internal "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal"
+	inner_elasticsearch "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal/elasticsearch"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/internal"
+
+	"github.com/olivere/elastic/v7"
+)
+
+const (
+	issueIndexerLatestVersion = 1
+	// multi-match-types, currently only 2 types are used
+	// Reference: https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/7.0/query-dsl-multi-match-query.html#multi-match-types
+	esMultiMatchTypeBestFields   = "best_fields"
+	esMultiMatchTypePhrasePrefix = "phrase_prefix"
+)
+
+var _ internal.Indexer = &Indexer{}
+
+// Indexer implements Indexer interface
+type Indexer struct {
+	inner                    *inner_elasticsearch.Indexer
+	indexer_internal.Indexer // do not composite inner_elasticsearch.Indexer directly to avoid exposing too much
+}
+
+// NewIndexer creates a new elasticsearch indexer
+func NewIndexer(url, indexerName string) *Indexer {
+	inner := inner_elasticsearch.NewIndexer(url, indexerName, issueIndexerLatestVersion, defaultMapping)
+	indexer := &Indexer{
+		inner:   inner,
+		Indexer: inner,
+	}
+	return indexer
+}
+
+const (
+	defaultMapping = `
+{
+	"mappings": {
+		"properties": {
+			"id": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"repo_id": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"is_public": { "type": "boolean", "index": true },
+
+			"title": {  "type": "text", "index": true },
+			"content": { "type": "text", "index": true },
+			"comments": { "type" : "text", "index": true },
+
+			"is_pull": { "type": "boolean", "index": true },
+			"is_closed": { "type": "boolean", "index": true },
+			"label_ids": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"no_label": { "type": "boolean", "index": true },
+			"milestone_id": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"project_id": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"project_board_id": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"poster_id": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"assignee_id": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"mention_ids": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"reviewed_ids": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"review_requested_ids": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"subscriber_ids": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"updated_unix": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+
+			"created_unix": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"deadline_unix": { "type": "long", "index": true },
+			"comment_count": { "type": "long", "index": true }
+		}
+	}
+}
+`
+)
+
+// Index will save the index data
+func (b *Indexer) Index(ctx context.Context, issues ...*internal.IndexerData) error {
+	if len(issues) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	} else if len(issues) == 1 {
+		issue := issues[0]
+		_, err := b.inner.Client.Index().
+			Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+			Id(fmt.Sprintf("%d", issue.ID)).
+			BodyJson(issue).
+			Do(ctx)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	reqs := make([]elastic.BulkableRequest, 0)
+	for _, issue := range issues {
+		reqs = append(reqs,
+			elastic.NewBulkIndexRequest().
+				Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+				Id(fmt.Sprintf("%d", issue.ID)).
+				Doc(issue),
+		)
+	}
+
+	_, err := b.inner.Client.Bulk().
+		Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+		Add(reqs...).
+		Do(graceful.GetManager().HammerContext())
+	return err
+}
+
+// Delete deletes indexes by ids
+func (b *Indexer) Delete(ctx context.Context, ids ...int64) error {
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	} else if len(ids) == 1 {
+		_, err := b.inner.Client.Delete().
+			Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+			Id(fmt.Sprintf("%d", ids[0])).
+			Do(ctx)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	reqs := make([]elastic.BulkableRequest, 0)
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		reqs = append(reqs,
+			elastic.NewBulkDeleteRequest().
+				Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+				Id(fmt.Sprintf("%d", id)),
+		)
+	}
+
+	_, err := b.inner.Client.Bulk().
+		Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+		Add(reqs...).
+		Do(graceful.GetManager().HammerContext())
+	return err
+}
+
+// Search searches for issues by given conditions.
+// Returns the matching issue IDs
+func (b *Indexer) Search(ctx context.Context, options *internal.SearchOptions) (*internal.SearchResult, error) {
+	query := elastic.NewBoolQuery()
+
+	if options.Keyword != "" {
+		searchType := esMultiMatchTypePhrasePrefix
+		if options.IsFuzzyKeyword {
+			searchType = esMultiMatchTypeBestFields
+		}
+
+		query.Must(elastic.NewMultiMatchQuery(options.Keyword, "title", "content", "comments").Type(searchType))
+	}
+
+	if len(options.RepoIDs) > 0 {
+		q := elastic.NewBoolQuery()
+		q.Should(elastic.NewTermsQuery("repo_id", toAnySlice(options.RepoIDs)...))
+		if options.AllPublic {
+			q.Should(elastic.NewTermQuery("is_public", true))
+		}
+		query.Must(q)
+	}
+
+	if options.IsPull.Has() {
+		query.Must(elastic.NewTermQuery("is_pull", options.IsPull.Value()))
+	}
+	if options.IsClosed.Has() {
+		query.Must(elastic.NewTermQuery("is_closed", options.IsClosed.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.NoLabelOnly {
+		query.Must(elastic.NewTermQuery("no_label", true))
+	} else {
+		if len(options.IncludedLabelIDs) > 0 {
+			q := elastic.NewBoolQuery()
+			for _, labelID := range options.IncludedLabelIDs {
+				q.Must(elastic.NewTermQuery("label_ids", labelID))
+			}
+			query.Must(q)
+		} else if len(options.IncludedAnyLabelIDs) > 0 {
+			query.Must(elastic.NewTermsQuery("label_ids", toAnySlice(options.IncludedAnyLabelIDs)...))
+		}
+		if len(options.ExcludedLabelIDs) > 0 {
+			q := elastic.NewBoolQuery()
+			for _, labelID := range options.ExcludedLabelIDs {
+				q.MustNot(elastic.NewTermQuery("label_ids", labelID))
+			}
+			query.Must(q)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(options.MilestoneIDs) > 0 {
+		query.Must(elastic.NewTermsQuery("milestone_id", toAnySlice(options.MilestoneIDs)...))
+	}
+
+	if options.ProjectID.Has() {
+		query.Must(elastic.NewTermQuery("project_id", options.ProjectID.Value()))
+	}
+	if options.ProjectColumnID.Has() {
+		query.Must(elastic.NewTermQuery("project_board_id", options.ProjectColumnID.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.PosterID.Has() {
+		query.Must(elastic.NewTermQuery("poster_id", options.PosterID.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.AssigneeID.Has() {
+		query.Must(elastic.NewTermQuery("assignee_id", options.AssigneeID.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.MentionID.Has() {
+		query.Must(elastic.NewTermQuery("mention_ids", options.MentionID.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.ReviewedID.Has() {
+		query.Must(elastic.NewTermQuery("reviewed_ids", options.ReviewedID.Value()))
+	}
+	if options.ReviewRequestedID.Has() {
+		query.Must(elastic.NewTermQuery("review_requested_ids", options.ReviewRequestedID.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.SubscriberID.Has() {
+		query.Must(elastic.NewTermQuery("subscriber_ids", options.SubscriberID.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.UpdatedAfterUnix.Has() || options.UpdatedBeforeUnix.Has() {
+		q := elastic.NewRangeQuery("updated_unix")
+		if options.UpdatedAfterUnix.Has() {
+			q.Gte(options.UpdatedAfterUnix.Value())
+		}
+		if options.UpdatedBeforeUnix.Has() {
+			q.Lte(options.UpdatedBeforeUnix.Value())
+		}
+		query.Must(q)
+	}
+
+	if options.SortBy == "" {
+		options.SortBy = internal.SortByCreatedAsc
+	}
+	sortBy := []elastic.Sorter{
+		parseSortBy(options.SortBy),
+		elastic.NewFieldSort("id").Desc(),
+	}
+
+	// See https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35206409/elasticsearch-2-1-result-window-is-too-large-index-max-result-window/35221900
+	// TODO: make it configurable since it's configurable in elasticsearch
+	const maxPageSize = 10000
+
+	skip, limit := indexer_internal.ParsePaginator(options.Paginator, maxPageSize)
+	searchResult, err := b.inner.Client.Search().
+		Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).
+		Query(query).
+		SortBy(sortBy...).
+		From(skip).Size(limit).
+		Do(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	hits := make([]internal.Match, 0, limit)
+	for _, hit := range searchResult.Hits.Hits {
+		id, _ := strconv.ParseInt(hit.Id, 10, 64)
+		hits = append(hits, internal.Match{
+			ID: id,
+		})
+	}
+
+	return &internal.SearchResult{
+		Total: searchResult.TotalHits(),
+		Hits:  hits,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func toAnySlice[T any](s []T) []any {
+	ret := make([]any, 0, len(s))
+	for _, item := range s {
+		ret = append(ret, item)
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+func parseSortBy(sortBy internal.SortBy) elastic.Sorter {
+	field := strings.TrimPrefix(string(sortBy), "-")
+	ret := elastic.NewFieldSort(field)
+	if strings.HasPrefix(string(sortBy), "-") {
+		ret.Desc()
+	}
+	return ret
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/elasticsearch/elasticsearch_test.go b/modules/indexer/issues/elasticsearch/elasticsearch_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ed0b84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/elasticsearch/elasticsearch_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package elasticsearch
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/internal/tests"
+)
+
+func TestElasticsearchIndexer(t *testing.T) {
+	// The elasticsearch instance started by testing.yml > test-unit > services > elasticsearch
+	url := "http://elastic:changeme@elasticsearch:9200"
+
+	if os.Getenv("CI") == "" {
+		// Make it possible to run tests against a local elasticsearch instance
+		url = os.Getenv("TEST_ELASTICSEARCH_URL")
+		if url == "" {
+			t.Skip("TEST_ELASTICSEARCH_URL not set and not running in CI")
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	ok := false
+	for i := 0; i < 60; i++ {
+		resp, err := http.Get(url)
+		if err == nil && resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK {
+			ok = true
+			break
+		}
+		t.Logf("Waiting for elasticsearch to be up: %v", err)
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to wait for elasticsearch to be up")
+		return
+	}
+
+	indexer := NewIndexer(url, fmt.Sprintf("test_elasticsearch_indexer_%d", time.Now().Unix()))
+	defer indexer.Close()
+
+	tests.TestIndexer(t, indexer)
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/indexer.go b/modules/indexer/issues/indexer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d731052
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/indexer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package issues
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"runtime/pprof"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	db_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/graceful"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/bleve"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/elasticsearch"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/internal"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/meilisearch"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/process"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/queue"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+)
+
+// IndexerMetadata is used to send data to the queue, so it contains only the ids.
+// It may look weird, because it has to be compatible with the old queue data format.
+// If the IsDelete flag is true, the IDs specify the issues to delete from the index without querying the database.
+// If the IsDelete flag is false, the ID specify the issue to index, so Indexer will query the database to get the issue data.
+// It should be noted that if the id is not existing in the database, it's index will be deleted too even if IsDelete is false.
+// Valid values:
+//   - IsDelete = true, IDs = [1, 2, 3], and ID will be ignored
+//   - IsDelete = false, ID = 1, and IDs will be ignored
+type IndexerMetadata struct {
+	ID int64 `json:"id"`
+
+	IsDelete bool    `json:"is_delete"`
+	IDs      []int64 `json:"ids"`
+}
+
+var (
+	// issueIndexerQueue queue of issue ids to be updated
+	issueIndexerQueue *queue.WorkerPoolQueue[*IndexerMetadata]
+	// globalIndexer is the global indexer, it cannot be nil.
+	// When the real indexer is not ready, it will be a dummy indexer which will return error to explain it's not ready.
+	// So it's always safe use it as *globalIndexer.Load() and call its methods.
+	globalIndexer atomic.Pointer[internal.Indexer]
+	dummyIndexer  *internal.Indexer
+)
+
+func init() {
+	i := internal.NewDummyIndexer()
+	dummyIndexer = &i
+	globalIndexer.Store(dummyIndexer)
+}
+
+// InitIssueIndexer initialize issue indexer, syncReindex is true then reindex until
+// all issue index done.
+func InitIssueIndexer(syncReindex bool) {
+	ctx, _, finished := process.GetManager().AddTypedContext(context.Background(), "Service: IssueIndexer", process.SystemProcessType, false)
+
+	indexerInitWaitChannel := make(chan time.Duration, 1)
+
+	// Create the Queue
+	issueIndexerQueue = queue.CreateUniqueQueue(ctx, "issue_indexer", getIssueIndexerQueueHandler(ctx))
+
+	graceful.GetManager().RunAtTerminate(finished)
+
+	// Create the Indexer
+	go func() {
+		pprof.SetGoroutineLabels(ctx)
+		start := time.Now()
+		log.Info("PID %d: Initializing Issue Indexer: %s", os.Getpid(), setting.Indexer.IssueType)
+		var (
+			issueIndexer internal.Indexer
+			existed      bool
+			err          error
+		)
+		switch setting.Indexer.IssueType {
+		case "bleve":
+			defer func() {
+				if err := recover(); err != nil {
+					log.Error("PANIC whilst initializing issue indexer: %v\nStacktrace: %s", err, log.Stack(2))
+					log.Error("The indexer files are likely corrupted and may need to be deleted")
+					log.Error("You can completely remove the %q directory to make Forgejo recreate the indexes", setting.Indexer.IssuePath)
+					globalIndexer.Store(dummyIndexer)
+					log.Fatal("PID: %d Unable to initialize the Bleve Issue Indexer at path: %s Error: %v", os.Getpid(), setting.Indexer.IssuePath, err)
+				}
+			}()
+			issueIndexer = bleve.NewIndexer(setting.Indexer.IssuePath)
+			existed, err = issueIndexer.Init(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Fatal("Unable to initialize Bleve Issue Indexer at path: %s Error: %v", setting.Indexer.IssuePath, err)
+			}
+		case "elasticsearch":
+			issueIndexer = elasticsearch.NewIndexer(setting.Indexer.IssueConnStr, setting.Indexer.IssueIndexerName)
+			existed, err = issueIndexer.Init(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Fatal("Unable to issueIndexer.Init with connection %s Error: %v", setting.Indexer.IssueConnStr, err)
+			}
+		case "db":
+			issueIndexer = db.NewIndexer()
+		case "meilisearch":
+			issueIndexer = meilisearch.NewIndexer(setting.Indexer.IssueConnStr, setting.Indexer.IssueConnAuth, setting.Indexer.IssueIndexerName)
+			existed, err = issueIndexer.Init(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Fatal("Unable to issueIndexer.Init with connection %s Error: %v", setting.Indexer.IssueConnStr, err)
+			}
+		default:
+			log.Fatal("Unknown issue indexer type: %s", setting.Indexer.IssueType)
+		}
+		globalIndexer.Store(&issueIndexer)
+
+		graceful.GetManager().RunAtTerminate(func() {
+			log.Debug("Closing issue indexer")
+			(*globalIndexer.Load()).Close()
+			log.Info("PID: %d Issue Indexer closed", os.Getpid())
+		})
+
+		// Start processing the queue
+		go graceful.GetManager().RunWithCancel(issueIndexerQueue)
+
+		// Populate the index
+		if !existed {
+			if syncReindex {
+				graceful.GetManager().RunWithShutdownContext(populateIssueIndexer)
+			} else {
+				go graceful.GetManager().RunWithShutdownContext(populateIssueIndexer)
+			}
+		}
+
+		indexerInitWaitChannel <- time.Since(start)
+		close(indexerInitWaitChannel)
+	}()
+
+	if syncReindex {
+		select {
+		case <-indexerInitWaitChannel:
+		case <-graceful.GetManager().IsShutdown():
+		}
+	} else if setting.Indexer.StartupTimeout > 0 {
+		go func() {
+			pprof.SetGoroutineLabels(ctx)
+			timeout := setting.Indexer.StartupTimeout
+			if graceful.GetManager().IsChild() && setting.GracefulHammerTime > 0 {
+				timeout += setting.GracefulHammerTime
+			}
+			select {
+			case duration := <-indexerInitWaitChannel:
+				log.Info("Issue Indexer Initialization took %v", duration)
+			case <-graceful.GetManager().IsShutdown():
+				log.Warn("Shutdown occurred before issue index initialisation was complete")
+			case <-time.After(timeout):
+				issueIndexerQueue.ShutdownWait(5 * time.Second)
+				log.Fatal("Issue Indexer Initialization timed-out after: %v", timeout)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+}
+
+func getIssueIndexerQueueHandler(ctx context.Context) func(items ...*IndexerMetadata) []*IndexerMetadata {
+	return func(items ...*IndexerMetadata) []*IndexerMetadata {
+		var unhandled []*IndexerMetadata
+
+		indexer := *globalIndexer.Load()
+		for _, item := range items {
+			log.Trace("IndexerMetadata Process: %d %v %t", item.ID, item.IDs, item.IsDelete)
+			if item.IsDelete {
+				if err := indexer.Delete(ctx, item.IDs...); err != nil {
+					log.Error("Issue indexer handler: failed to from index: %v Error: %v", item.IDs, err)
+					unhandled = append(unhandled, item)
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			data, existed, err := getIssueIndexerData(ctx, item.ID)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Issue indexer handler: failed to get issue data of %d: %v", item.ID, err)
+				unhandled = append(unhandled, item)
+				continue
+			}
+			if !existed {
+				if err := indexer.Delete(ctx, item.ID); err != nil {
+					log.Error("Issue indexer handler: failed to delete issue %d from index: %v", item.ID, err)
+					unhandled = append(unhandled, item)
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			if err := indexer.Index(ctx, data); err != nil {
+				log.Error("Issue indexer handler: failed to index issue %d: %v", item.ID, err)
+				unhandled = append(unhandled, item)
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		return unhandled
+	}
+}
+
+// populateIssueIndexer populate the issue indexer with issue data
+func populateIssueIndexer(ctx context.Context) {
+	ctx, _, finished := process.GetManager().AddTypedContext(ctx, "Service: PopulateIssueIndexer", process.SystemProcessType, true)
+	defer finished()
+	ctx = contextWithKeepRetry(ctx) // keep retrying since it's a background task
+	if err := PopulateIssueIndexer(ctx); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Issue indexer population failed: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func PopulateIssueIndexer(ctx context.Context) error {
+	for page := 1; ; page++ {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return fmt.Errorf("shutdown before completion: %w", ctx.Err())
+		default:
+		}
+		repos, _, err := repo_model.SearchRepositoryByName(ctx, &repo_model.SearchRepoOptions{
+			ListOptions: db_model.ListOptions{Page: page, PageSize: repo_model.RepositoryListDefaultPageSize},
+			OrderBy:     db_model.SearchOrderByID,
+			Private:     true,
+			Collaborate: optional.Some(false),
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("SearchRepositoryByName: %v", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if len(repos) == 0 {
+			log.Debug("Issue Indexer population complete")
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		for _, repo := range repos {
+			if err := updateRepoIndexer(ctx, repo.ID); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("populate issue indexer for repo %d: %v", repo.ID, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// UpdateRepoIndexer add/update all issues of the repositories
+func UpdateRepoIndexer(ctx context.Context, repoID int64) {
+	if err := updateRepoIndexer(ctx, repoID); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Unable to push repo %d to issue indexer: %v", repoID, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// UpdateIssueIndexer add/update an issue to the issue indexer
+func UpdateIssueIndexer(ctx context.Context, issueID int64) {
+	if err := updateIssueIndexer(ctx, issueID); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Unable to push issue %d to issue indexer: %v", issueID, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// DeleteRepoIssueIndexer deletes repo's all issues indexes
+func DeleteRepoIssueIndexer(ctx context.Context, repoID int64) {
+	if err := deleteRepoIssueIndexer(ctx, repoID); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Unable to push deleted repo %d to issue indexer: %v", repoID, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// IsAvailable checks if issue indexer is available
+func IsAvailable(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	return (*globalIndexer.Load()).Ping(ctx) == nil
+}
+
+// SearchOptions indicates the options for searching issues
+type SearchOptions = internal.SearchOptions
+
+const (
+	SortByCreatedDesc  = internal.SortByCreatedDesc
+	SortByUpdatedDesc  = internal.SortByUpdatedDesc
+	SortByCommentsDesc = internal.SortByCommentsDesc
+	SortByDeadlineDesc = internal.SortByDeadlineDesc
+	SortByCreatedAsc   = internal.SortByCreatedAsc
+	SortByUpdatedAsc   = internal.SortByUpdatedAsc
+	SortByCommentsAsc  = internal.SortByCommentsAsc
+	SortByDeadlineAsc  = internal.SortByDeadlineAsc
+)
+
+// SearchIssues search issues by options.
+func SearchIssues(ctx context.Context, opts *SearchOptions) ([]int64, int64, error) {
+	indexer := *globalIndexer.Load()
+
+	if opts.Keyword == "" {
+		// This is a conservative shortcut.
+		// If the keyword is empty, db has better (at least not worse) performance to filter issues.
+		// When the keyword is empty, it tends to listing rather than searching issues.
+		// So if the user creates an issue and list issues immediately, the issue may not be listed because the indexer needs time to index the issue.
+		// Even worse, the external indexer like elastic search may not be available for a while,
+		// and the user may not be able to list issues completely until it is available again.
+		indexer = db.NewIndexer()
+	}
+
+	result, err := indexer.Search(ctx, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+
+	ret := make([]int64, 0, len(result.Hits))
+	for _, hit := range result.Hits {
+		ret = append(ret, hit.ID)
+	}
+
+	return ret, result.Total, nil
+}
+
+// CountIssues counts issues by options. It is a shortcut of SearchIssues(ctx, opts) but only returns the total count.
+func CountIssues(ctx context.Context, opts *SearchOptions) (int64, error) {
+	opts = opts.Copy(func(options *SearchOptions) { options.Paginator = &db_model.ListOptions{PageSize: 0} })
+
+	_, total, err := SearchIssues(ctx, opts)
+	return total, err
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/indexer_test.go b/modules/indexer/issues/indexer_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a010218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/indexer_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package issues
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/issues"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/internal"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+
+	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea/models"
+	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/actions"
+	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/activities"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
+	unittest.MainTest(m)
+}
+
+func TestDBSearchIssues(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	setting.Indexer.IssueType = "db"
+	InitIssueIndexer(true)
+
+	t.Run("search issues with keyword", searchIssueWithKeyword)
+	t.Run("search issues in repo", searchIssueInRepo)
+	t.Run("search issues by ID", searchIssueByID)
+	t.Run("search issues is pr", searchIssueIsPull)
+	t.Run("search issues is closed", searchIssueIsClosed)
+	t.Run("search issues by milestone", searchIssueByMilestoneID)
+	t.Run("search issues by label", searchIssueByLabelID)
+	t.Run("search issues by time", searchIssueByTime)
+	t.Run("search issues with order", searchIssueWithOrder)
+	t.Run("search issues in project", searchIssueInProject)
+	t.Run("search issues with paginator", searchIssueWithPaginator)
+}
+
+func searchIssueWithKeyword(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		opts        SearchOptions
+		expectedIDs []int64
+	}{
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				Keyword: "issue2",
+				RepoIDs: []int64{1},
+			},
+			[]int64{2},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				Keyword: "first",
+				RepoIDs: []int64{1},
+			},
+			[]int64{1},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				Keyword: "for",
+				RepoIDs: []int64{1},
+			},
+			[]int64{11, 5, 3, 2, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				Keyword: "good",
+				RepoIDs: []int64{1},
+			},
+			[]int64{1},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		issueIDs, _, err := SearchIssues(context.TODO(), &test.opts)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, test.expectedIDs, issueIDs)
+	}
+}
+
+func searchIssueInRepo(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		opts        SearchOptions
+		expectedIDs []int64
+	}{
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				RepoIDs: []int64{1},
+			},
+			[]int64{11, 5, 3, 2, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				RepoIDs: []int64{2},
+			},
+			[]int64{7, 4},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				RepoIDs: []int64{3},
+			},
+			[]int64{12, 6},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				RepoIDs: []int64{4},
+			},
+			[]int64{},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				RepoIDs: []int64{5},
+			},
+			[]int64{15},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		issueIDs, _, err := SearchIssues(context.TODO(), &test.opts)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, test.expectedIDs, issueIDs)
+	}
+}
+
+func searchIssueByID(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		opts        SearchOptions
+		expectedIDs []int64
+	}{
+		{
+			opts: SearchOptions{
+				PosterID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+			},
+			expectedIDs: []int64{11, 6, 3, 2, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			opts: SearchOptions{
+				AssigneeID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+			},
+			expectedIDs: []int64{6, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			// NOTE: This tests no assignees filtering and also ToSearchOptions() to ensure it will set AssigneeID to 0 when it is passed as -1.
+			opts:        *ToSearchOptions("", &issues.IssuesOptions{AssigneeID: -1}),
+			expectedIDs: []int64{22, 21, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 20, 5, 19, 18, 10, 7, 4, 9, 8, 3, 2},
+		},
+		{
+			opts: SearchOptions{
+				MentionID: optional.Some(int64(4)),
+			},
+			expectedIDs: []int64{1},
+		},
+		{
+			opts: SearchOptions{
+				ReviewedID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+			},
+			expectedIDs: []int64{},
+		},
+		{
+			opts: SearchOptions{
+				ReviewRequestedID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+			},
+			expectedIDs: []int64{12},
+		},
+		{
+			opts: SearchOptions{
+				SubscriberID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+			},
+			expectedIDs: []int64{11, 6, 5, 3, 2, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			// issue 20 request user 15 and team 5 which user 15 belongs to
+			// the review request number of issue 20 should be 1
+			opts: SearchOptions{
+				ReviewRequestedID: optional.Some(int64(15)),
+			},
+			expectedIDs: []int64{12, 20},
+		},
+		{
+			// user 20 approved the issue 20, so return nothing
+			opts: SearchOptions{
+				ReviewRequestedID: optional.Some(int64(20)),
+			},
+			expectedIDs: []int64{},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		issueIDs, _, err := SearchIssues(context.TODO(), &test.opts)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, test.expectedIDs, issueIDs)
+	}
+}
+
+func searchIssueIsPull(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		opts        SearchOptions
+		expectedIDs []int64
+	}{
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				IsPull: optional.Some(false),
+			},
+			[]int64{17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 6, 5, 18, 10, 7, 4, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				IsPull: optional.Some(true),
+			},
+			[]int64{22, 21, 12, 11, 20, 19, 9, 8, 3, 2},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		issueIDs, _, err := SearchIssues(context.TODO(), &test.opts)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, test.expectedIDs, issueIDs)
+	}
+}
+
+func searchIssueIsClosed(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		opts        SearchOptions
+		expectedIDs []int64
+	}{
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				IsClosed: optional.Some(false),
+			},
+			[]int64{22, 21, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 20, 6, 19, 18, 10, 7, 9, 8, 3, 2, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				IsClosed: optional.Some(true),
+			},
+			[]int64{5, 4},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		issueIDs, _, err := SearchIssues(context.TODO(), &test.opts)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, test.expectedIDs, issueIDs)
+	}
+}
+
+func searchIssueByMilestoneID(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		opts        SearchOptions
+		expectedIDs []int64
+	}{
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				MilestoneIDs: []int64{1},
+			},
+			[]int64{2},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				MilestoneIDs: []int64{3},
+			},
+			[]int64{3},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		issueIDs, _, err := SearchIssues(context.TODO(), &test.opts)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, test.expectedIDs, issueIDs)
+	}
+}
+
+func searchIssueByLabelID(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		opts        SearchOptions
+		expectedIDs []int64
+	}{
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				IncludedLabelIDs: []int64{1},
+			},
+			[]int64{2, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				IncludedLabelIDs: []int64{4},
+			},
+			[]int64{2},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				ExcludedLabelIDs: []int64{1},
+			},
+			[]int64{22, 21, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 20, 6, 5, 19, 18, 10, 7, 4, 9, 8, 3},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		issueIDs, _, err := SearchIssues(context.TODO(), &test.opts)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, test.expectedIDs, issueIDs)
+	}
+}
+
+func searchIssueByTime(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		opts        SearchOptions
+		expectedIDs []int64
+	}{
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				UpdatedAfterUnix: optional.Some(int64(0)),
+			},
+			[]int64{22, 21, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 20, 6, 5, 19, 18, 10, 7, 4, 9, 8, 3, 2, 1},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		issueIDs, _, err := SearchIssues(context.TODO(), &test.opts)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, test.expectedIDs, issueIDs)
+	}
+}
+
+func searchIssueWithOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		opts        SearchOptions
+		expectedIDs []int64
+	}{
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				SortBy: internal.SortByCreatedAsc,
+			},
+			[]int64{1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 4, 7, 10, 18, 19, 5, 6, 20, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		issueIDs, _, err := SearchIssues(context.TODO(), &test.opts)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, test.expectedIDs, issueIDs)
+	}
+}
+
+func searchIssueInProject(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		opts        SearchOptions
+		expectedIDs []int64
+	}{
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				ProjectID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+			},
+			[]int64{5, 3, 2, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				ProjectColumnID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+			},
+			[]int64{1},
+		},
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				ProjectColumnID: optional.Some(int64(0)), // issue with in default column
+			},
+			[]int64{2},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		issueIDs, _, err := SearchIssues(context.TODO(), &test.opts)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, test.expectedIDs, issueIDs)
+	}
+}
+
+func searchIssueWithPaginator(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		opts          SearchOptions
+		expectedIDs   []int64
+		expectedTotal int64
+	}{
+		{
+			SearchOptions{
+				Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+					PageSize: 5,
+				},
+			},
+			[]int64{22, 21, 17, 16, 15},
+			22,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		issueIDs, total, err := SearchIssues(context.TODO(), &test.opts)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, test.expectedIDs, issueIDs)
+		assert.Equal(t, test.expectedTotal, total)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/internal/indexer.go b/modules/indexer/issues/internal/indexer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95740bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/internal/indexer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal"
+)
+
+// Indexer defines an interface to indexer issues contents
+type Indexer interface {
+	internal.Indexer
+	Index(ctx context.Context, issue ...*IndexerData) error
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, ids ...int64) error
+	Search(ctx context.Context, options *SearchOptions) (*SearchResult, error)
+}
+
+// NewDummyIndexer returns a dummy indexer
+func NewDummyIndexer() Indexer {
+	return &dummyIndexer{
+		Indexer: internal.NewDummyIndexer(),
+	}
+}
+
+type dummyIndexer struct {
+	internal.Indexer
+}
+
+func (d *dummyIndexer) Index(_ context.Context, _ ...*IndexerData) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("indexer is not ready")
+}
+
+func (d *dummyIndexer) Delete(_ context.Context, _ ...int64) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("indexer is not ready")
+}
+
+func (d *dummyIndexer) Search(_ context.Context, _ *SearchOptions) (*SearchResult, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("indexer is not ready")
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/internal/model.go b/modules/indexer/issues/internal/model.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2dfee8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/internal/model.go
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
+)
+
+// IndexerData data stored in the issue indexer
+type IndexerData struct {
+	ID       int64 `json:"id"`
+	RepoID   int64 `json:"repo_id"`
+	IsPublic bool  `json:"is_public"` // If the repo is public
+
+	// Fields used for keyword searching
+	Title    string   `json:"title"`
+	Content  string   `json:"content"`
+	Comments []string `json:"comments"`
+
+	// Fields used for filtering
+	IsPull             bool               `json:"is_pull"`
+	IsClosed           bool               `json:"is_closed"`
+	LabelIDs           []int64            `json:"label_ids"`
+	NoLabel            bool               `json:"no_label"` // True if LabelIDs is empty
+	MilestoneID        int64              `json:"milestone_id"`
+	ProjectID          int64              `json:"project_id"`
+	ProjectColumnID    int64              `json:"project_board_id"` // the key should be kept as project_board_id to keep compatible
+	PosterID           int64              `json:"poster_id"`
+	AssigneeID         int64              `json:"assignee_id"`
+	MentionIDs         []int64            `json:"mention_ids"`
+	ReviewedIDs        []int64            `json:"reviewed_ids"`
+	ReviewRequestedIDs []int64            `json:"review_requested_ids"`
+	SubscriberIDs      []int64            `json:"subscriber_ids"`
+	UpdatedUnix        timeutil.TimeStamp `json:"updated_unix"`
+
+	// Fields used for sorting
+	// UpdatedUnix is both used for filtering and sorting.
+	// ID is used for sorting too, to make the sorting stable.
+	CreatedUnix  timeutil.TimeStamp `json:"created_unix"`
+	DeadlineUnix timeutil.TimeStamp `json:"deadline_unix"`
+	CommentCount int64              `json:"comment_count"`
+}
+
+// Match represents on search result
+type Match struct {
+	ID    int64   `json:"id"`
+	Score float64 `json:"score"`
+}
+
+// SearchResult represents search results
+type SearchResult struct {
+	Total int64
+	Hits  []Match
+}
+
+// SearchOptions represents search options.
+//
+// It has a slightly different design from database query options.
+// In database query options, a field is never a pointer, so it could be confusing when it's zero value:
+// Do you want to find data with a field value of 0, or do you not specify the field in the options?
+// To avoid this confusion, db introduced db.NoConditionID(-1).
+// So zero value means the field is not specified in the search options, and db.NoConditionID means "== 0" or "id NOT IN (SELECT id FROM ...)"
+// It's still not ideal, it trapped developers many times.
+// And sometimes -1 could be a valid value, like issue ID, negative numbers indicate exclusion.
+// Since db.NoConditionID is for "db" (the package name is db), it makes sense not to use it in the indexer:
+// Why do bleve/elasticsearch/meilisearch indexers need to know about db.NoConditionID?
+// So in SearchOptions, we use pointer for fields which could be not specified,
+// and always use the value to filter if it's not nil, even if it's zero or negative.
+// It can handle almost all cases, if there is an exception, we can add a new field, like NoLabelOnly.
+// Unfortunately, we still use db for the indexer and have to convert between db.NoConditionID and nil for legacy reasons.
+type SearchOptions struct {
+	Keyword string // keyword to search
+
+	IsFuzzyKeyword bool // if false the levenshtein distance is 0
+
+	RepoIDs   []int64 // repository IDs which the issues belong to
+	AllPublic bool    // if include all public repositories
+
+	IsPull   optional.Option[bool] // if the issues is a pull request
+	IsClosed optional.Option[bool] // if the issues is closed
+
+	IncludedLabelIDs    []int64 // labels the issues have
+	ExcludedLabelIDs    []int64 // labels the issues don't have
+	IncludedAnyLabelIDs []int64 // labels the issues have at least one. It will be ignored if IncludedLabelIDs is not empty. It's an uncommon filter, but it has been supported accidentally by issues.IssuesOptions.IncludedLabelNames.
+	NoLabelOnly         bool    // if the issues have no label, if true, IncludedLabelIDs and ExcludedLabelIDs, IncludedAnyLabelIDs will be ignored
+
+	MilestoneIDs []int64 // milestones the issues have
+
+	ProjectID       optional.Option[int64] // project the issues belong to
+	ProjectColumnID optional.Option[int64] // project column the issues belong to
+
+	PosterID optional.Option[int64] // poster of the issues
+
+	AssigneeID optional.Option[int64] // assignee of the issues, zero means no assignee
+
+	MentionID optional.Option[int64] // mentioned user of the issues
+
+	ReviewedID        optional.Option[int64] // reviewer of the issues
+	ReviewRequestedID optional.Option[int64] // requested reviewer of the issues
+
+	SubscriberID optional.Option[int64] // subscriber of the issues
+
+	UpdatedAfterUnix  optional.Option[int64]
+	UpdatedBeforeUnix optional.Option[int64]
+
+	Paginator *db.ListOptions
+
+	SortBy SortBy // sort by field
+}
+
+// Copy returns a copy of the options.
+// Be careful, it's not a deep copy, so `SearchOptions.RepoIDs = {...}` is OK while `SearchOptions.RepoIDs[0] = ...` is not.
+func (o *SearchOptions) Copy(edit ...func(options *SearchOptions)) *SearchOptions {
+	if o == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	v := *o
+	for _, e := range edit {
+		e(&v)
+	}
+	return &v
+}
+
+type SortBy string
+
+const (
+	SortByCreatedDesc  SortBy = "-created_unix"
+	SortByUpdatedDesc  SortBy = "-updated_unix"
+	SortByCommentsDesc SortBy = "-comment_count"
+	SortByDeadlineDesc SortBy = "-deadline_unix"
+	SortByCreatedAsc   SortBy = "created_unix"
+	SortByUpdatedAsc   SortBy = "updated_unix"
+	SortByCommentsAsc  SortBy = "comment_count"
+	SortByDeadlineAsc  SortBy = "deadline_unix"
+	// Unsupported sort types which are supported by issues.IssuesOptions.SortType:
+	//
+	//  - "priorityrepo":
+	//                    It's impossible to support it in the indexer.
+	//                    It is based on the specified repository in the request, so we cannot add static field to the indexer.
+	//                    If we do something like that query the issues in the specified repository first then append other issues,
+	//                    it will break the pagination.
+	//
+	// - "project-column-sorting":
+	//                    Although it's possible to support it by adding project.ProjectIssue.Sorting to the indexer,
+	//                    but what if the issue belongs to multiple projects?
+	//                    Since it's unsupported to search issues with keyword in project page, we don't need to support it.
+)
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/internal/tests/tests.go b/modules/indexer/issues/internal/tests/tests.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a93b291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/internal/tests/tests.go
@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// This package contains tests for issues indexer modules.
+// All the code in this package is only used for testing.
+// Do not put any production code in this package to avoid it being included in the final binary.
+
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/internal"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestIndexer(t *testing.T, indexer internal.Indexer) {
+	_, err := indexer.Init(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.NoError(t, indexer.Ping(context.Background()))
+
+	var (
+		ids  []int64
+		data = map[int64]*internal.IndexerData{}
+	)
+	{
+		d := generateDefaultIndexerData()
+		for _, v := range d {
+			ids = append(ids, v.ID)
+			data[v.ID] = v
+		}
+		require.NoError(t, indexer.Index(context.Background(), d...))
+		require.NoError(t, waitData(indexer, int64(len(data))))
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		require.NoError(t, indexer.Delete(context.Background(), ids...))
+	}()
+
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if len(c.ExtraData) > 0 {
+				require.NoError(t, indexer.Index(context.Background(), c.ExtraData...))
+				for _, v := range c.ExtraData {
+					data[v.ID] = v
+				}
+				require.NoError(t, waitData(indexer, int64(len(data))))
+				defer func() {
+					for _, v := range c.ExtraData {
+						require.NoError(t, indexer.Delete(context.Background(), v.ID))
+						delete(data, v.ID)
+					}
+					require.NoError(t, waitData(indexer, int64(len(data))))
+				}()
+			}
+
+			result, err := indexer.Search(context.Background(), c.SearchOptions)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			if c.Expected != nil {
+				c.Expected(t, data, result)
+			} else {
+				ids := make([]int64, 0, len(result.Hits))
+				for _, hit := range result.Hits {
+					ids = append(ids, hit.ID)
+				}
+				assert.Equal(t, c.ExpectedIDs, ids)
+				assert.Equal(t, c.ExpectedTotal, result.Total)
+			}
+
+			// test counting
+			c.SearchOptions.Paginator = &db.ListOptions{PageSize: 0}
+			countResult, err := indexer.Search(context.Background(), c.SearchOptions)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Empty(t, countResult.Hits)
+			assert.Equal(t, result.Total, countResult.Total)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+var cases = []*testIndexerCase{
+	{
+		Name:          "default",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), len(result.Hits))
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), int(result.Total))
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "empty",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Keyword: "f1dfac73-fda6-4a6b-b8a4-2408fcb8ef69",
+		},
+		ExpectedIDs:   []int64{},
+		ExpectedTotal: 0,
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "with limit",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), int(result.Total))
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "Keyword",
+		ExtraData: []*internal.IndexerData{
+			{ID: 1000, Title: "hi hello world"},
+			{ID: 1001, Content: "hi hello world"},
+			{ID: 1002, Comments: []string{"hi", "hello world"}},
+		},
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Keyword: "hello",
+		},
+		ExpectedIDs:   []int64{1002, 1001, 1000},
+		ExpectedTotal: 3,
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "Keyword Fuzzy",
+		ExtraData: []*internal.IndexerData{
+			{ID: 1000, Title: "hi hello world"},
+			{ID: 1001, Content: "hi hello world"},
+			{ID: 1002, Comments: []string{"hi", "hello world"}},
+		},
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Keyword:        "hello world",
+			IsFuzzyKeyword: true,
+		},
+		ExpectedIDs:   []int64{1002, 1001, 1000},
+		ExpectedTotal: 3,
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "RepoIDs",
+		ExtraData: []*internal.IndexerData{
+			{ID: 1001, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 1, IsPublic: false},
+			{ID: 1002, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 1, IsPublic: false},
+			{ID: 1003, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 2, IsPublic: true},
+			{ID: 1004, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 2, IsPublic: true},
+			{ID: 1005, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 3, IsPublic: true},
+			{ID: 1006, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 4, IsPublic: false},
+			{ID: 1007, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 5, IsPublic: false},
+		},
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Keyword: "hello",
+			RepoIDs: []int64{1, 4},
+		},
+		ExpectedIDs:   []int64{1006, 1002, 1001},
+		ExpectedTotal: 3,
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "RepoIDs and AllPublic",
+		ExtraData: []*internal.IndexerData{
+			{ID: 1001, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 1, IsPublic: false},
+			{ID: 1002, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 1, IsPublic: false},
+			{ID: 1003, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 2, IsPublic: true},
+			{ID: 1004, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 2, IsPublic: true},
+			{ID: 1005, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 3, IsPublic: true},
+			{ID: 1006, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 4, IsPublic: false},
+			{ID: 1007, Title: "hello world", RepoID: 5, IsPublic: false},
+		},
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Keyword:   "hello",
+			RepoIDs:   []int64{1, 4},
+			AllPublic: true,
+		},
+		ExpectedIDs:   []int64{1006, 1005, 1004, 1003, 1002, 1001},
+		ExpectedTotal: 6,
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "issue only",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			IsPull: optional.Some(false),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.False(t, data[v.ID].IsPull)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool { return !v.IsPull }), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "pull only",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			IsPull: optional.Some(true),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.True(t, data[v.ID].IsPull)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool { return v.IsPull }), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "opened only",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			IsClosed: optional.Some(false),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.False(t, data[v.ID].IsClosed)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool { return !v.IsClosed }), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "closed only",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			IsClosed: optional.Some(true),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.True(t, data[v.ID].IsClosed)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool { return v.IsClosed }), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "labels",
+		ExtraData: []*internal.IndexerData{
+			{ID: 1000, Title: "hello a", LabelIDs: []int64{2000, 2001, 2002}},
+			{ID: 1001, Title: "hello b", LabelIDs: []int64{2000, 2001}},
+			{ID: 1002, Title: "hello c", LabelIDs: []int64{2000, 2001, 2003}},
+			{ID: 1003, Title: "hello d", LabelIDs: []int64{2000}},
+			{ID: 1004, Title: "hello e", LabelIDs: []int64{}},
+		},
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Keyword:          "hello",
+			IncludedLabelIDs: []int64{2000, 2001},
+			ExcludedLabelIDs: []int64{2003},
+		},
+		ExpectedIDs:   []int64{1001, 1000},
+		ExpectedTotal: 2,
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "include any labels",
+		ExtraData: []*internal.IndexerData{
+			{ID: 1000, Title: "hello a", LabelIDs: []int64{2000, 2001, 2002}},
+			{ID: 1001, Title: "hello b", LabelIDs: []int64{2001}},
+			{ID: 1002, Title: "hello c", LabelIDs: []int64{2000, 2001, 2003}},
+			{ID: 1003, Title: "hello d", LabelIDs: []int64{2002}},
+			{ID: 1004, Title: "hello e", LabelIDs: []int64{}},
+		},
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Keyword:             "hello",
+			IncludedAnyLabelIDs: []int64{2001, 2002},
+			ExcludedLabelIDs:    []int64{2003},
+		},
+		ExpectedIDs:   []int64{1003, 1001, 1000},
+		ExpectedTotal: 3,
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "MilestoneIDs",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			MilestoneIDs: []int64{1, 2, 6},
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.Contains(t, []int64{1, 2, 6}, data[v.ID].MilestoneID)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return v.MilestoneID == 1 || v.MilestoneID == 2 || v.MilestoneID == 6
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "no MilestoneIDs",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			MilestoneIDs: []int64{0},
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.Equal(t, int64(0), data[v.ID].MilestoneID)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return v.MilestoneID == 0
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "ProjectID",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			ProjectID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.Equal(t, int64(1), data[v.ID].ProjectID)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return v.ProjectID == 1
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "no ProjectID",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			ProjectID: optional.Some(int64(0)),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.Equal(t, int64(0), data[v.ID].ProjectID)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return v.ProjectID == 0
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "ProjectColumnID",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			ProjectColumnID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.Equal(t, int64(1), data[v.ID].ProjectColumnID)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return v.ProjectColumnID == 1
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "no ProjectColumnID",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			ProjectColumnID: optional.Some(int64(0)),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.Equal(t, int64(0), data[v.ID].ProjectColumnID)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return v.ProjectColumnID == 0
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "PosterID",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			PosterID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.Equal(t, int64(1), data[v.ID].PosterID)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return v.PosterID == 1
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "AssigneeID",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			AssigneeID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.Equal(t, int64(1), data[v.ID].AssigneeID)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return v.AssigneeID == 1
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "no AssigneeID",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			AssigneeID: optional.Some(int64(0)),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.Equal(t, int64(0), data[v.ID].AssigneeID)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return v.AssigneeID == 0
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "MentionID",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			MentionID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.Contains(t, data[v.ID].MentionIDs, int64(1))
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return slices.Contains(v.MentionIDs, 1)
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "ReviewedID",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			ReviewedID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.Contains(t, data[v.ID].ReviewedIDs, int64(1))
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return slices.Contains(v.ReviewedIDs, 1)
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "ReviewRequestedID",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			ReviewRequestedID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.Contains(t, data[v.ID].ReviewRequestedIDs, int64(1))
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return slices.Contains(v.ReviewRequestedIDs, 1)
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "SubscriberID",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			SubscriberID: optional.Some(int64(1)),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.Contains(t, data[v.ID].SubscriberIDs, int64(1))
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return slices.Contains(v.SubscriberIDs, 1)
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "updated",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 5,
+			},
+			UpdatedAfterUnix:  optional.Some(int64(20)),
+			UpdatedBeforeUnix: optional.Some(int64(30)),
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Len(t, result.Hits, 5)
+			for _, v := range result.Hits {
+				assert.GreaterOrEqual(t, data[v.ID].UpdatedUnix, int64(20))
+				assert.LessOrEqual(t, data[v.ID].UpdatedUnix, int64(30))
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, countIndexerData(data, func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool {
+				return data[v.ID].UpdatedUnix >= 20 && data[v.ID].UpdatedUnix <= 30
+			}), result.Total)
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "SortByCreatedDesc",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptionsAll,
+			SortBy:    internal.SortByCreatedDesc,
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), len(result.Hits))
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), int(result.Total))
+			for i, v := range result.Hits {
+				if i < len(result.Hits)-1 {
+					assert.GreaterOrEqual(t, data[v.ID].CreatedUnix, data[result.Hits[i+1].ID].CreatedUnix)
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "SortByUpdatedDesc",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptionsAll,
+			SortBy:    internal.SortByUpdatedDesc,
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), len(result.Hits))
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), int(result.Total))
+			for i, v := range result.Hits {
+				if i < len(result.Hits)-1 {
+					assert.GreaterOrEqual(t, data[v.ID].UpdatedUnix, data[result.Hits[i+1].ID].UpdatedUnix)
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "SortByCommentsDesc",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptionsAll,
+			SortBy:    internal.SortByCommentsDesc,
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), len(result.Hits))
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), int(result.Total))
+			for i, v := range result.Hits {
+				if i < len(result.Hits)-1 {
+					assert.GreaterOrEqual(t, data[v.ID].CommentCount, data[result.Hits[i+1].ID].CommentCount)
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "SortByDeadlineDesc",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptionsAll,
+			SortBy:    internal.SortByDeadlineDesc,
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), len(result.Hits))
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), int(result.Total))
+			for i, v := range result.Hits {
+				if i < len(result.Hits)-1 {
+					assert.GreaterOrEqual(t, data[v.ID].DeadlineUnix, data[result.Hits[i+1].ID].DeadlineUnix)
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "SortByCreatedAsc",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptionsAll,
+			SortBy:    internal.SortByCreatedAsc,
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), len(result.Hits))
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), int(result.Total))
+			for i, v := range result.Hits {
+				if i < len(result.Hits)-1 {
+					assert.LessOrEqual(t, data[v.ID].CreatedUnix, data[result.Hits[i+1].ID].CreatedUnix)
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "SortByUpdatedAsc",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptionsAll,
+			SortBy:    internal.SortByUpdatedAsc,
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), len(result.Hits))
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), int(result.Total))
+			for i, v := range result.Hits {
+				if i < len(result.Hits)-1 {
+					assert.LessOrEqual(t, data[v.ID].UpdatedUnix, data[result.Hits[i+1].ID].UpdatedUnix)
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "SortByCommentsAsc",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptionsAll,
+			SortBy:    internal.SortByCommentsAsc,
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), len(result.Hits))
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), int(result.Total))
+			for i, v := range result.Hits {
+				if i < len(result.Hits)-1 {
+					assert.LessOrEqual(t, data[v.ID].CommentCount, data[result.Hits[i+1].ID].CommentCount)
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		Name: "SortByDeadlineAsc",
+		SearchOptions: &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptionsAll,
+			SortBy:    internal.SortByDeadlineAsc,
+		},
+		Expected: func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) {
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), len(result.Hits))
+			assert.Equal(t, len(data), int(result.Total))
+			for i, v := range result.Hits {
+				if i < len(result.Hits)-1 {
+					assert.LessOrEqual(t, data[v.ID].DeadlineUnix, data[result.Hits[i+1].ID].DeadlineUnix)
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	},
+}
+
+type testIndexerCase struct {
+	Name      string
+	ExtraData []*internal.IndexerData
+
+	SearchOptions *internal.SearchOptions
+
+	Expected      func(t *testing.T, data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, result *internal.SearchResult) // if nil, use ExpectedIDs, ExpectedTotal
+	ExpectedIDs   []int64
+	ExpectedTotal int64
+}
+
+func generateDefaultIndexerData() []*internal.IndexerData {
+	var id int64
+	var data []*internal.IndexerData
+	for repoID := int64(1); repoID <= 10; repoID++ {
+		for issueIndex := int64(1); issueIndex <= 20; issueIndex++ {
+			id++
+
+			comments := make([]string, id%4)
+			for i := range comments {
+				comments[i] = fmt.Sprintf("comment%d", i)
+			}
+
+			labelIDs := make([]int64, id%5)
+			for i := range labelIDs {
+				labelIDs[i] = int64(i) + 1 // LabelID should not be 0
+			}
+			mentionIDs := make([]int64, id%6)
+			for i := range mentionIDs {
+				mentionIDs[i] = int64(i) + 1 // MentionID should not be 0
+			}
+			reviewedIDs := make([]int64, id%7)
+			for i := range reviewedIDs {
+				reviewedIDs[i] = int64(i) + 1 // ReviewID should not be 0
+			}
+			reviewRequestedIDs := make([]int64, id%8)
+			for i := range reviewRequestedIDs {
+				reviewRequestedIDs[i] = int64(i) + 1 // ReviewRequestedID should not be 0
+			}
+			subscriberIDs := make([]int64, id%9)
+			for i := range subscriberIDs {
+				subscriberIDs[i] = int64(i) + 1 // SubscriberID should not be 0
+			}
+
+			data = append(data, &internal.IndexerData{
+				ID:                 id,
+				RepoID:             repoID,
+				IsPublic:           repoID%2 == 0,
+				Title:              fmt.Sprintf("issue%d of repo%d", issueIndex, repoID),
+				Content:            fmt.Sprintf("content%d", issueIndex),
+				Comments:           comments,
+				IsPull:             issueIndex%2 == 0,
+				IsClosed:           issueIndex%3 == 0,
+				LabelIDs:           labelIDs,
+				NoLabel:            len(labelIDs) == 0,
+				MilestoneID:        issueIndex % 4,
+				ProjectID:          issueIndex % 5,
+				ProjectColumnID:    issueIndex % 6,
+				PosterID:           id%10 + 1, // PosterID should not be 0
+				AssigneeID:         issueIndex % 10,
+				MentionIDs:         mentionIDs,
+				ReviewedIDs:        reviewedIDs,
+				ReviewRequestedIDs: reviewRequestedIDs,
+				SubscriberIDs:      subscriberIDs,
+				UpdatedUnix:        timeutil.TimeStamp(id + issueIndex),
+				CreatedUnix:        timeutil.TimeStamp(id),
+				DeadlineUnix:       timeutil.TimeStamp(id + issueIndex + repoID),
+				CommentCount:       int64(len(comments)),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return data
+}
+
+func countIndexerData(data map[int64]*internal.IndexerData, f func(v *internal.IndexerData) bool) int64 {
+	var count int64
+	for _, v := range data {
+		if f(v) {
+			count++
+		}
+	}
+	return count
+}
+
+// waitData waits for the indexer to index all data.
+// Some engines like Elasticsearch index data asynchronously, so we need to wait for a while.
+func waitData(indexer internal.Indexer, total int64) error {
+	var actual int64
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		result, err := indexer.Search(context.Background(), &internal.SearchOptions{
+			Paginator: &db.ListOptions{
+				PageSize: 0,
+			},
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		actual = result.Total
+		if actual == total {
+			return nil
+		}
+		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("waitData: expected %d, actual %d", total, actual)
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/meilisearch/meilisearch.go b/modules/indexer/issues/meilisearch/meilisearch.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d18444
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/meilisearch/meilisearch.go
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package meilisearch
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	indexer_internal "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal"
+	inner_meilisearch "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/internal/meilisearch"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/internal"
+
+	"github.com/meilisearch/meilisearch-go"
+)
+
+const (
+	issueIndexerLatestVersion = 3
+
+	// TODO: make this configurable if necessary
+	maxTotalHits = 10000
+)
+
+// ErrMalformedResponse is never expected as we initialize the indexer ourself and so define the types.
+var ErrMalformedResponse = errors.New("meilisearch returned unexpected malformed content")
+
+var _ internal.Indexer = &Indexer{}
+
+// Indexer implements Indexer interface
+type Indexer struct {
+	inner                    *inner_meilisearch.Indexer
+	indexer_internal.Indexer // do not composite inner_meilisearch.Indexer directly to avoid exposing too much
+}
+
+// NewIndexer creates a new meilisearch indexer
+func NewIndexer(url, apiKey, indexerName string) *Indexer {
+	settings := &meilisearch.Settings{
+		// The default ranking rules of meilisearch are: ["words", "typo", "proximity", "attribute", "sort", "exactness"]
+		// So even if we specify the sort order, it could not be respected because the priority of "sort" is so low.
+		// So we need to specify the ranking rules to make sure the sort order is respected.
+		// See https://www.meilisearch.com/docs/learn/core_concepts/relevancy
+		RankingRules: []string{"sort", // make sure "sort" has the highest priority
+			"words", "typo", "proximity", "attribute", "exactness"},
+
+		SearchableAttributes: []string{
+			"title",
+			"content",
+			"comments",
+		},
+		DisplayedAttributes: []string{
+			"id",
+			"title",
+			"content",
+			"comments",
+		},
+		FilterableAttributes: []string{
+			"repo_id",
+			"is_public",
+			"is_pull",
+			"is_closed",
+			"label_ids",
+			"no_label",
+			"milestone_id",
+			"project_id",
+			"project_board_id",
+			"poster_id",
+			"assignee_id",
+			"mention_ids",
+			"reviewed_ids",
+			"review_requested_ids",
+			"subscriber_ids",
+			"updated_unix",
+		},
+		SortableAttributes: []string{
+			"updated_unix",
+			"created_unix",
+			"deadline_unix",
+			"comment_count",
+			"id",
+		},
+		Pagination: &meilisearch.Pagination{
+			MaxTotalHits: maxTotalHits,
+		},
+	}
+
+	inner := inner_meilisearch.NewIndexer(url, apiKey, indexerName, issueIndexerLatestVersion, settings)
+	indexer := &Indexer{
+		inner:   inner,
+		Indexer: inner,
+	}
+	return indexer
+}
+
+// Index will save the index data
+func (b *Indexer) Index(_ context.Context, issues ...*internal.IndexerData) error {
+	if len(issues) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	for _, issue := range issues {
+		_, err := b.inner.Client.Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).AddDocuments(issue)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	// TODO: bulk send index data
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Delete deletes indexes by ids
+func (b *Indexer) Delete(_ context.Context, ids ...int64) error {
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		_, err := b.inner.Client.Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).DeleteDocument(strconv.FormatInt(id, 10))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	// TODO: bulk send deletes
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Search searches for issues by given conditions.
+// Returns the matching issue IDs
+func (b *Indexer) Search(ctx context.Context, options *internal.SearchOptions) (*internal.SearchResult, error) {
+	query := inner_meilisearch.FilterAnd{}
+
+	if len(options.RepoIDs) > 0 {
+		q := &inner_meilisearch.FilterOr{}
+		q.Or(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterIn("repo_id", options.RepoIDs...))
+		if options.AllPublic {
+			q.Or(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("is_public", true))
+		}
+		query.And(q)
+	}
+
+	if options.IsPull.Has() {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("is_pull", options.IsPull.Value()))
+	}
+	if options.IsClosed.Has() {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("is_closed", options.IsClosed.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.NoLabelOnly {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("no_label", true))
+	} else {
+		if len(options.IncludedLabelIDs) > 0 {
+			q := &inner_meilisearch.FilterAnd{}
+			for _, labelID := range options.IncludedLabelIDs {
+				q.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("label_ids", labelID))
+			}
+			query.And(q)
+		} else if len(options.IncludedAnyLabelIDs) > 0 {
+			query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterIn("label_ids", options.IncludedAnyLabelIDs...))
+		}
+		if len(options.ExcludedLabelIDs) > 0 {
+			q := &inner_meilisearch.FilterAnd{}
+			for _, labelID := range options.ExcludedLabelIDs {
+				q.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterNot(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("label_ids", labelID)))
+			}
+			query.And(q)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(options.MilestoneIDs) > 0 {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterIn("milestone_id", options.MilestoneIDs...))
+	}
+
+	if options.ProjectID.Has() {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("project_id", options.ProjectID.Value()))
+	}
+	if options.ProjectColumnID.Has() {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("project_board_id", options.ProjectColumnID.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.PosterID.Has() {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("poster_id", options.PosterID.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.AssigneeID.Has() {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("assignee_id", options.AssigneeID.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.MentionID.Has() {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("mention_ids", options.MentionID.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.ReviewedID.Has() {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("reviewed_ids", options.ReviewedID.Value()))
+	}
+	if options.ReviewRequestedID.Has() {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("review_requested_ids", options.ReviewRequestedID.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.SubscriberID.Has() {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterEq("subscriber_ids", options.SubscriberID.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.UpdatedAfterUnix.Has() {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterGte("updated_unix", options.UpdatedAfterUnix.Value()))
+	}
+	if options.UpdatedBeforeUnix.Has() {
+		query.And(inner_meilisearch.NewFilterLte("updated_unix", options.UpdatedBeforeUnix.Value()))
+	}
+
+	if options.SortBy == "" {
+		options.SortBy = internal.SortByCreatedAsc
+	}
+	sortBy := []string{
+		parseSortBy(options.SortBy),
+		"id:desc",
+	}
+
+	skip, limit := indexer_internal.ParsePaginator(options.Paginator, maxTotalHits)
+
+	counting := limit == 0
+	if counting {
+		// If set limit to 0, it will be 20 by default, and -1 is not allowed.
+		// See https://www.meilisearch.com/docs/reference/api/search#limit
+		// So set limit to 1 to make the cost as low as possible, then clear the result before returning.
+		limit = 1
+	}
+
+	keyword := options.Keyword
+	if !options.IsFuzzyKeyword {
+		// to make it non fuzzy ("typo tolerance" in meilisearch terms), we have to quote the keyword(s)
+		// https://www.meilisearch.com/docs/reference/api/search#phrase-search
+		keyword = doubleQuoteKeyword(keyword)
+	}
+
+	searchRes, err := b.inner.Client.Index(b.inner.VersionedIndexName()).Search(keyword, &meilisearch.SearchRequest{
+		Filter:           query.Statement(),
+		Limit:            int64(limit),
+		Offset:           int64(skip),
+		Sort:             sortBy,
+		MatchingStrategy: meilisearch.All,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if counting {
+		searchRes.Hits = nil
+	}
+
+	hits, err := convertHits(searchRes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &internal.SearchResult{
+		Total: searchRes.EstimatedTotalHits,
+		Hits:  hits,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func parseSortBy(sortBy internal.SortBy) string {
+	field := strings.TrimPrefix(string(sortBy), "-")
+	if strings.HasPrefix(string(sortBy), "-") {
+		return field + ":desc"
+	}
+	return field + ":asc"
+}
+
+func doubleQuoteKeyword(k string) string {
+	kp := strings.Split(k, " ")
+	parts := 0
+	for i := range kp {
+		part := strings.Trim(kp[i], "\"")
+		if part != "" {
+			kp[parts] = fmt.Sprintf(`"%s"`, part)
+			parts++
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Join(kp[:parts], " ")
+}
+
+func convertHits(searchRes *meilisearch.SearchResponse) ([]internal.Match, error) {
+	hits := make([]internal.Match, 0, len(searchRes.Hits))
+	for _, hit := range searchRes.Hits {
+		hit, ok := hit.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, ErrMalformedResponse
+		}
+
+		issueID, ok := hit["id"].(float64)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, ErrMalformedResponse
+		}
+
+		hits = append(hits, internal.Match{
+			ID: int64(issueID),
+		})
+	}
+	return hits, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/meilisearch/meilisearch_test.go b/modules/indexer/issues/meilisearch/meilisearch_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..349102b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/meilisearch/meilisearch_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package meilisearch
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/internal"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/internal/tests"
+
+	"github.com/meilisearch/meilisearch-go"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestMeilisearchIndexer(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Skip("meilisearch not found in Forgejo test yet")
+	// The meilisearch instance started by pull-db-tests.yml > test-unit > services > meilisearch
+	url := "http://meilisearch:7700"
+	key := "" // auth has been disabled in test environment
+
+	if os.Getenv("CI") == "" {
+		// Make it possible to run tests against a local meilisearch instance
+		url = os.Getenv("TEST_MEILISEARCH_URL")
+		if url == "" {
+			t.Skip("TEST_MEILISEARCH_URL not set and not running in CI")
+			return
+		}
+		key = os.Getenv("TEST_MEILISEARCH_KEY")
+	}
+
+	ok := false
+	for i := 0; i < 60; i++ {
+		resp, err := http.Get(url)
+		if err == nil && resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK {
+			ok = true
+			break
+		}
+		t.Logf("Waiting for meilisearch to be up: %v", err)
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to wait for meilisearch to be up")
+		return
+	}
+
+	indexer := NewIndexer(url, key, fmt.Sprintf("test_meilisearch_indexer_%d", time.Now().Unix()))
+	defer indexer.Close()
+
+	tests.TestIndexer(t, indexer)
+}
+
+func TestConvertHits(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := convertHits(&meilisearch.SearchResponse{
+		Hits: []any{"aa", "bb", "cc", "dd"},
+	})
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrMalformedResponse)
+
+	validResponse := &meilisearch.SearchResponse{
+		Hits: []any{
+			map[string]any{
+				"id":       float64(11),
+				"title":    "a title",
+				"content":  "issue body with no match",
+				"comments": []any{"hey what's up?", "I'm currently bowling", "nice"},
+			},
+			map[string]any{
+				"id":       float64(22),
+				"title":    "Bowling as title",
+				"content":  "",
+				"comments": []any{},
+			},
+			map[string]any{
+				"id":       float64(33),
+				"title":    "Bowl-ing as fuzzy match",
+				"content":  "",
+				"comments": []any{},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	hits, err := convertHits(validResponse)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, []internal.Match{{ID: 11}, {ID: 22}, {ID: 33}}, hits)
+}
+
+func TestDoubleQuoteKeyword(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.EqualValues(t, "", doubleQuoteKeyword(""))
+	assert.EqualValues(t, `"a" "b" "c"`, doubleQuoteKeyword("a b c"))
+	assert.EqualValues(t, `"a" "d" "g"`, doubleQuoteKeyword("a  d g"))
+	assert.EqualValues(t, `"a" "d" "g"`, doubleQuoteKeyword("a  d g"))
+	assert.EqualValues(t, `"a" "d" "g"`, doubleQuoteKeyword(`a  "" "d" """g`))
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/util.go b/modules/indexer/issues/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e752ae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package issues
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	issue_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/issues"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/container"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/indexer/issues/internal"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/queue"
+)
+
+// getIssueIndexerData returns the indexer data of an issue and a bool value indicating whether the issue exists.
+func getIssueIndexerData(ctx context.Context, issueID int64) (*internal.IndexerData, bool, error) {
+	issue, err := issue_model.GetIssueByID(ctx, issueID)
+	if err != nil {
+		if issue_model.IsErrIssueNotExist(err) {
+			return nil, false, nil
+		}
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+
+	// FIXME: what if users want to search for a review comment of a pull request?
+	//        The comment type is CommentTypeCode or CommentTypeReview.
+	//        But LoadDiscussComments only loads CommentTypeComment.
+	if err := issue.LoadDiscussComments(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+
+	comments := make([]string, 0, len(issue.Comments))
+	for _, comment := range issue.Comments {
+		if comment.Content != "" {
+			// what ever the comment type is, index the content if it is not empty.
+			comments = append(comments, comment.Content)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := issue.LoadAttributes(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+
+	labels := make([]int64, 0, len(issue.Labels))
+	for _, label := range issue.Labels {
+		labels = append(labels, label.ID)
+	}
+
+	mentionIDs, err := issue_model.GetIssueMentionIDs(ctx, issueID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+
+	var (
+		reviewedIDs        []int64
+		reviewRequestedIDs []int64
+	)
+	{
+		reviews, err := issue_model.FindReviews(ctx, issue_model.FindReviewOptions{
+			ListOptions:  db.ListOptionsAll,
+			IssueID:      issueID,
+			OfficialOnly: false,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, false, err
+		}
+
+		reviewedIDsSet := make(container.Set[int64], len(reviews))
+		reviewRequestedIDsSet := make(container.Set[int64], len(reviews))
+		for _, review := range reviews {
+			if review.Type == issue_model.ReviewTypeRequest {
+				reviewRequestedIDsSet.Add(review.ReviewerID)
+			} else {
+				reviewedIDsSet.Add(review.ReviewerID)
+			}
+		}
+		reviewedIDs = reviewedIDsSet.Values()
+		reviewRequestedIDs = reviewRequestedIDsSet.Values()
+	}
+
+	subscriberIDs, err := issue_model.GetIssueWatchersIDs(ctx, issue.ID, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+
+	var projectID int64
+	if issue.Project != nil {
+		projectID = issue.Project.ID
+	}
+
+	return &internal.IndexerData{
+		ID:                 issue.ID,
+		RepoID:             issue.RepoID,
+		IsPublic:           !issue.Repo.IsPrivate,
+		Title:              issue.Title,
+		Content:            issue.Content,
+		Comments:           comments,
+		IsPull:             issue.IsPull,
+		IsClosed:           issue.IsClosed,
+		LabelIDs:           labels,
+		NoLabel:            len(labels) == 0,
+		MilestoneID:        issue.MilestoneID,
+		ProjectID:          projectID,
+		ProjectColumnID:    issue.ProjectColumnID(ctx),
+		PosterID:           issue.PosterID,
+		AssigneeID:         issue.AssigneeID,
+		MentionIDs:         mentionIDs,
+		ReviewedIDs:        reviewedIDs,
+		ReviewRequestedIDs: reviewRequestedIDs,
+		SubscriberIDs:      subscriberIDs,
+		UpdatedUnix:        issue.UpdatedUnix,
+		CreatedUnix:        issue.CreatedUnix,
+		DeadlineUnix:       issue.DeadlineUnix,
+		CommentCount:       int64(len(issue.Comments)),
+	}, true, nil
+}
+
+func updateRepoIndexer(ctx context.Context, repoID int64) error {
+	ids, err := issue_model.GetIssueIDsByRepoID(ctx, repoID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("issue_model.GetIssueIDsByRepoID: %w", err)
+	}
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		if err := updateIssueIndexer(ctx, id); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func updateIssueIndexer(ctx context.Context, issueID int64) error {
+	return pushIssueIndexerQueue(ctx, &IndexerMetadata{ID: issueID})
+}
+
+func deleteRepoIssueIndexer(ctx context.Context, repoID int64) error {
+	var ids []int64
+	ids, err := issue_model.GetIssueIDsByRepoID(ctx, repoID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("issue_model.GetIssueIDsByRepoID: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return pushIssueIndexerQueue(ctx, &IndexerMetadata{
+		IDs:      ids,
+		IsDelete: true,
+	})
+}
+
+type keepRetryKey struct{}
+
+// contextWithKeepRetry returns a context with a key indicating that the indexer should keep retrying.
+// Please note that it's for background tasks only, and it should not be used for user requests, or it may cause blocking.
+func contextWithKeepRetry(ctx context.Context) context.Context {
+	return context.WithValue(ctx, keepRetryKey{}, true)
+}
+
+func pushIssueIndexerQueue(ctx context.Context, data *IndexerMetadata) error {
+	if issueIndexerQueue == nil {
+		// Some unit tests will trigger indexing, but the queue is not initialized.
+		// It's OK to ignore it, but log a warning message in case it's not a unit test.
+		log.Warn("Trying to push %+v to issue indexer queue, but the queue is not initialized, it's OK if it's a unit test", data)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+		err := issueIndexerQueue.Push(data)
+		if errors.Is(err, queue.ErrAlreadyInQueue) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) { // the queue is full
+			log.Warn("It seems that issue indexer is slow and the queue is full. Please check the issue indexer or increase the queue size.")
+			if ctx.Value(keepRetryKey{}) == nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			// It will be better to increase the queue size instead of retrying, but users may ignore the previous warning message.
+			// However, even it retries, it may still cause index loss when there's a deadline in the context.
+			log.Debug("Retry to push %+v to issue indexer queue", data)
+			continue
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/stats/db.go b/modules/indexer/stats/db.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98a977c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/stats/db.go
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package stats
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/graceful"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/process"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+)
+
+// DBIndexer implements Indexer interface to use database's like search
+type DBIndexer struct{}
+
+// Index repository status function
+func (db *DBIndexer) Index(id int64) error {
+	ctx, _, finished := process.GetManager().AddContext(graceful.GetManager().ShutdownContext(), fmt.Sprintf("Stats.DB Index Repo[%d]", id))
+	defer finished()
+
+	repo, err := repo_model.GetRepositoryByID(ctx, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if repo.IsEmpty {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	status, err := repo_model.GetIndexerStatus(ctx, repo, repo_model.RepoIndexerTypeStats)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	gitRepo, err := gitrepo.OpenRepository(ctx, repo)
+	if err != nil {
+		if err.Error() == "no such file or directory" {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	defer gitRepo.Close()
+
+	// Get latest commit for default branch
+	commitID, err := gitRepo.GetBranchCommitID(repo.DefaultBranch)
+	if err != nil {
+		if git.IsErrBranchNotExist(err) || git.IsErrNotExist(err) || setting.IsInTesting {
+			log.Debug("Unable to get commit ID for default branch %s in %s ... skipping this repository", repo.DefaultBranch, repo.RepoPath())
+			return nil
+		}
+		log.Error("Unable to get commit ID for default branch %s in %s. Error: %v", repo.DefaultBranch, repo.RepoPath(), err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Do not recalculate stats if already calculated for this commit
+	if status.CommitSha == commitID {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Calculate and save language statistics to database
+	stats, err := gitRepo.GetLanguageStats(commitID)
+	if err != nil {
+		if !setting.IsInTesting {
+			log.Error("Unable to get language stats for ID %s for default branch %s in %s. Error: %v", commitID, repo.DefaultBranch, repo.RepoPath(), err)
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	err = repo_model.UpdateLanguageStats(ctx, repo, commitID, stats)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Unable to update language stats for ID %s for default branch %s in %s. Error: %v", commitID, repo.DefaultBranch, repo.RepoPath(), err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	log.Debug("DBIndexer completed language stats for ID %s for default branch %s in %s. stats count: %d", commitID, repo.DefaultBranch, repo.RepoPath(), len(stats))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Close dummy function
+func (db *DBIndexer) Close() {
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/stats/indexer.go b/modules/indexer/stats/indexer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ec89e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/stats/indexer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package stats
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/graceful"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+)
+
+// Indexer defines an interface to index repository stats
+// TODO: this indexer is quite different from the others, maybe this package should be moved out from module/indexer
+type Indexer interface {
+	Index(id int64) error
+	Close()
+}
+
+// indexer represents a indexer instance
+var indexer Indexer
+
+// Init initialize the repo indexer
+func Init() error {
+	indexer = &DBIndexer{}
+
+	if err := initStatsQueue(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	go populateRepoIndexer(db.DefaultContext)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// populateRepoIndexer populate the repo indexer with pre-existing data. This
+// should only be run when the indexer is created for the first time.
+func populateRepoIndexer(ctx context.Context) {
+	log.Info("Populating the repo stats indexer with existing repositories")
+
+	isShutdown := graceful.GetManager().IsShutdown()
+
+	exist, err := db.IsTableNotEmpty("repository")
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal("System error: %v", err)
+	} else if !exist {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var maxRepoID int64
+	if maxRepoID, err = db.GetMaxID("repository"); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal("System error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// start with the maximum existing repo ID and work backwards, so that we
+	// don't include repos that are created after gitea starts; such repos will
+	// already be added to the indexer, and we don't need to add them again.
+	for maxRepoID > 0 {
+		select {
+		case <-isShutdown:
+			log.Info("Repository Stats Indexer population shutdown before completion")
+			return
+		default:
+		}
+		ids, err := repo_model.GetUnindexedRepos(ctx, repo_model.RepoIndexerTypeStats, maxRepoID, 0, 50)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("populateRepoIndexer: %v", err)
+			return
+		} else if len(ids) == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+		for _, id := range ids {
+			select {
+			case <-isShutdown:
+				log.Info("Repository Stats Indexer population shutdown before completion")
+				return
+			default:
+			}
+			if err := statsQueue.Push(id); err != nil {
+				log.Error("statsQueue.Push: %v", err)
+			}
+			maxRepoID = id - 1
+		}
+	}
+	log.Info("Done (re)populating the repo stats indexer with existing repositories")
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/stats/indexer_test.go b/modules/indexer/stats/indexer_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ab2e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/stats/indexer_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package stats
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/queue"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+
+	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea/models"
+	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/actions"
+	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/activities"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
+	unittest.MainTest(m)
+}
+
+func TestRepoStatsIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	setting.CfgProvider, _ = setting.NewConfigProviderFromData("")
+
+	setting.LoadQueueSettings()
+
+	err := Init()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	repo, err := repo_model.GetRepositoryByID(db.DefaultContext, 1)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	err = UpdateRepoIndexer(repo)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.NoError(t, queue.GetManager().FlushAll(context.Background(), 5*time.Second))
+
+	status, err := repo_model.GetIndexerStatus(db.DefaultContext, repo, repo_model.RepoIndexerTypeStats)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "65f1bf27bc3bf70f64657658635e66094edbcb4d", status.CommitSha)
+	langs, err := repo_model.GetTopLanguageStats(db.DefaultContext, repo, 5)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, langs)
+}
diff --git a/modules/indexer/stats/queue.go b/modules/indexer/stats/queue.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d002bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/indexer/stats/queue.go
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package stats
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/graceful"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/queue"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+)
+
+// statsQueue represents a queue to handle repository stats updates
+var statsQueue *queue.WorkerPoolQueue[int64]
+
+// handle passed PR IDs and test the PRs
+func handler(items ...int64) []int64 {
+	for _, opts := range items {
+		if err := indexer.Index(opts); err != nil {
+			if !setting.IsInTesting {
+				log.Error("stats queue indexer.Index(%d) failed: %v", opts, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func initStatsQueue() error {
+	statsQueue = queue.CreateUniqueQueue(graceful.GetManager().ShutdownContext(), "repo_stats_update", handler)
+	if statsQueue == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create repo_stats_update queue")
+	}
+	go graceful.GetManager().RunWithCancel(statsQueue)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UpdateRepoIndexer update a repository's entries in the indexer
+func UpdateRepoIndexer(repo *repo_model.Repository) error {
+	if err := statsQueue.Push(repo.ID); err != nil {
+		if err != queue.ErrAlreadyInQueue {
+			return err
+		}
+		log.Debug("Repo ID: %d already queued", repo.ID)
+	}
+	return nil
+}