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diff --git a/docs/manual/glossary.html.en b/docs/manual/glossary.html.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dfb462ed65 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/manual/glossary.html.en @@ -0,0 +1,305 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><!-- + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + --><title>Glossary - Apache HTTP Server</title><link href="./style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" /><link href="./style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" /><link href="./images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head><body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header"><p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="./faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p><p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0</p><img alt="" src="./images/feather.gif" /></div><div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="./images/left.gif" /></a></div><div id="path"><a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs-project/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.0</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Glossary</h1> +<p>This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to +Apache in particular, and web serving in general. More information +on each concept is provided in the links.</p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a name="definitions" id="definitions">Definitions</a></h2> + +<dl> +<dt><a name="authentication">Authentication</a></dt> <dd>The positive +identification of a network entity such as a server, a client, or a +user.<br /> See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access +Control</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="accesscontrol">Access Control</a></dt> +<dd>The restriction of access to network realms. In an Apache context + usually the restriction of access to certain <em>URLs</em>.<br /> +See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access +Control</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="apacheextensiontool">APache eXtension Tool</a> <a name="apxs">(apxs)</a></dt> <dd>A perl script that aids in compiling <a href="#module">module</a> sources into Dynamic Shared Objects (<a href="#dso">DSO</a>s) and helps install them in the Apache Web +server.<br /> See: <a href="programs/apxs.html">Manual Page: apxs</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="certificate">Certificate</a></dt> +<dd>A data record used for authenticating network entities such + as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces + about its owner (called the subject) and the signing <em>Certificate + Authority</em> (called the issuer), plus the owner's public key and the + signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures using + CA certificates.<br /> +See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a> <a name="ca">(CA)</a></dt> <dd>A trusted third party whose purpose is to +sign certificates for network entities it has authenticated using +secure means. Other network entities can check the signature to verify +that a CA has authenticated the bearer of a certificate.<br /> +See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="certificatsigningrequest">Certificate Signing Request</a> +<a name="csr">(CSR)</a></dt> <dd>An unsigned certificate for +submission to a <em>Certification Authority</em>, which signs it with +the <em>Private Key</em> of their CA <em>Certificate</em>. Once the +CSR is signed, it becomes a real certificate.<br /> +See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + + +<dt><a name="cipher">Cipher</a></dt> <dd>An algorithm or system for +data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4, etc.<br /> +See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="ciphertext">Ciphertext</a></dt> <dd>The result after <a href="#plaintext">Plaintext</a> is passed through a <a href="#cipher">Cipher</a>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS +Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="commongatewayinterface">Common Gateway Interface</a> <a name="cgi">(CGI)</a></dt> <dd>A standard definition for an interface +between a web server and an external program that allows the external +program to service requests. The interface was originally defined by +<a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/overview.html">NCSA</a> but +there is also an <a href="http://cgi-spec.golux.com/">RFC +project</a>.<br /> +See: <a href="howto/cgi.html">Dynamic Content with CGI</a></dd> + + +<dt><a name="configurationdirective">Configuration Directive</a></dt> +<dd>See: <a href="#directive">Directive</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="configurationfile">Configuration File</a></dt> +<dd>A text file containing <a href="#directive">Directives</a> +that control the configuration of Apache.<br /> +See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="connect">CONNECT</a></dt> <dd>An HTTP <a href="#method">method</a> for proxying raw data channels over HTTP. It +can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as the SSL +protocol.</dd> + +<dt><a name="context">Context</a></dt> <dd>An area in the <a href="configurationfile">configuration files</a> where certain types +of <a href="directive">directives</a> are allowed.<br /> See: <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.0/mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Terms +Used to Describe Apache Directives</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="digitalsignature">Digital Signature</a></dt> +<dd>An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A + <em>Certification Authority</em> creates a signature by generating a + hash of the <em>Public Key</em> embedded in a <em>Certificate</em>, then + encrypting the hash with its own <em>Private Key</em>. Only the CA's + public key can decrypt the signature, verifying that the CA has + authenticated the network entity that owns the <em>Certificate</em>.<br /> +See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="directive">Directive</a></dt> <dd>A configuration command +that controls one or more aspects of Apache's behavior. Directives +are placed in the <a href="#configurationfile">Configuration +File</a><br /> See: <a href="mod/directives.html">Directive +Index</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="dynamicsharedobject">Dynamic Shared Object</a> <a name="dso">(DSO)</a></dt> <dd><a href="#module">Modules</a> compiled +seperately from the Apache httpd binary that can be loaded on-demand.<br /> +See: <a href="dso.html">Dynamic Shared Object Support</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="environmentvariable">Environment Variable</a> <a name="env-variable">(env-variable)</a></dt> +<dd>Named variables managed by the operating system shell +and used to store information and communicate between programs. Apache also +contains internal variables that are referred to as environment variables, +but are stored in internal Apache structures, rather than in the +shell environment.<br /> +See: <a href="env.html">Environment Variables in Apache</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="export-crippled">Export-Crippled</a></dt> +<dd>Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply + with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR). + Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size, + resulting in <em>Ciphertext</em> which usually can be decrypted by brute + force.<br /> +See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="filter">Filter</a></dt> <dd>A process that is applied to +data that is sent or received by the server. Input filters process +data sent by the client to the server, while output filters process +documents on the server before they are sent to the client. For +examle, the <code>INCLUDES</code> output filter processes documents +for <a href="#ssi">Server Side Includes</a>.<br /> See: <a href="filter.html">Filters</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="fully-qualifieddomain-name">Fully-Qualified +Domain-Name</a> <a name="fqdn">(FQDN)</a></dt> <dd>The unique name of +a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a domain name that can +resolve to an IP address. For example, <code>www</code> is a hostname, +<code>whatever.com</code> is a domain name, and +<code>www.whatever.com</code> is a fully-qualified domain name.<br /><br /></dd> + +<dt><a name="handler">Handler</a></dt> <dd>An internal Apache +representation of the action to be performed when a file is +called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file +type. Normally, all files are simply served by the server, but certain +file types are "handled" separately. For example, the +<code>cgi-script</code> handler designates files to be processed as <a href="#cgi">CGIs</a>.<br /> +See: <a href="handler.html">Apache's Handler Use</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="header">Header</a></dt> +<dd>The part of the <a href="#http">HTTP</a> request and response that +is sent before the actual content, and that contains meta-information +describing the content.</dd> + +<dt><a name=".htaccess">.htaccess</a></dt> <dd>A <a href="#configurationfile">configuration file</a> that is placed inside +the web tree and applies configuration <a href="#directive">directives</a> to the directory where it is placed +and all sub-directories. Despite its name, this file can hold almost +any type of directive, not just access-control directives.<br /> +See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="httpd.conf">httpd.conf</a></dt> +<dd>The main Apache <a href="#configurationfile">configuration file</a>. +The default location is <code>/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf</code>, +but it may be moved using run-time or compile-time configuration.<br /> +See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="hypertexttransferprotocol">HyperText Transfer +Protocol</a> <a name="http">(HTTP)</a></dt> <dd>The standard +transmission protocol used on the World Wide Web. Apache implements +version 1.1 of the protocol, refered to as HTTP/1.1 and defined by <a href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2616.txt">RFC 2616</a>.<br /><br /></dd> + +<dt><a name="https">HTTPS</a></dt> +<dd>The HyperText Transport Protocol (Secure), the standard encrypted + communication mechanism on the World Wide Web. This is actually just HTTP + over <a name="ssl">SSL</a>.<br /> +See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="method">Method</a></dt> <dd>In the context of <a href="#http">HTTP</a>, an action to perform on a resource, specified +on the request line by the client. Some of the methods available in +HTTP are <code>GET</code>, <code>POST</code>, and <code>PUT</code>.<br /><br /></dd> + +<dt><a name="messagedigest">Message Digest</a></dt> +<dd>A hash of a message, which can be used to verify that the contents of + the message have not been altered in transit.<br /> +See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="mime-type">MIME-type</a></dt> <dd>A way to describe the +kind of document being transmitted. Its name comes from that fact +that its format is borrowed from the Multipurpose Internet Mail +Extensions. It consists of a major type and a minor type, separated +by a slash. Some examples are <code>text/html</code>, +<code>image/gif</code>, and <code>application/octet-stream</code>. In +HTTP, the MIME-type is transmitted in the <code>Content-Type</code> <a href="#header">header</a>.<br /> See: <a href="mod/mod_mime.html">mod_mime</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="module">Module</a></dt> <dd>An independent part of a +program. Much of Apache's functionality is contained in modules that +you can choose to include or exclude. Modules that are compiled into +the the Apache httpd binary are called <em>static modules</em>, while +modules that are stored seperately and can be optionally loaded at +run-time are called <em>dynamic modules</em> or <a href="#dso">DSOs</a>. Modules that are included by default are called +<em>base modules</em>. Many modules are available for Apache that are +not distributed as part of the Apache HTTP Server <a href="#tarball">tarball</a>. These are referred to as <em>third-party +modules</em>.<br /> +See: <a href="mod/">Module Index</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="openssl">OpenSSL</a></dt> +<dd>The Open Source toolkit for SSL/TLS<br /> + see <a href="http://www.openssl.org/">http://www.openssl.org/</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="passphrase">Pass Phrase</a></dt> <dd>The word or phrase +that protects private key files. It prevents unauthorized users from +encrypting them. Usually it's just the secret encryption/decryption +key used for <a name="cipher">Ciphers</a>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="plaintext">Plaintext</a></dt> +<dd>The unencrypted text.</dd> + +<dt><a name="privatekey">Private Key</a></dt> <dd>The secret key in a +<a name="publickeycryptography">Public Key Cryptography</a> system, +used to decrypt incoming messages and sign outgoing ones.<br /> +See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="proxy">Proxy</a></dt> <dd>An intermediate server that +sits between the client and the <em>origin server</em>. It accepts +requests from clients, transmits those requests on to the origin +server, and then returns the response from the origin server to the +client. If several clients request the same content, the proxy +can deliver that content from its cache, rather than requesting it +from the origin server each time, thereby reducing response time.<br /> +See: <a href="mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="publickey">Public Key</a></dt> <dd>The publically +available key in a <a name="publickeycryptography">Public Key +Cryptography</a> system, used to encrypt messages bound for its owner +and to decrypt signatures made by its owner.<br /> +See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="publickeycryptography">Public Key Cryptography</a></dt> +<dd>The study and application of asymmetric encryption systems, which +use one key for encryption and another for decryption. A corresponding +pair of such keys constitutes a key pair. Also called Asymmetric +Crypography.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="regularexpresion">Regular Expression</a> <a name="regex">(Regex)</a></dt> <dd>A way of +describing a pattern in text - for example, "all the words that begin with the +letter A" or "every 10-digit phone number" or even "Every sentence +with two commas in it, and no capital letter Q". Regular expressions +are useful in Apache because they let you apply certain +attributes against collections of files or resources in very flexible +ways - for example, all .gif and .jpg files under any "images" +directory could be written as "<code>/images/.*(jpg|gif)$</code>". +Apache uses Perl Compatible Regular Expressions provided by the +<a href="http://www.pcre.org/">PCRE</a> library.</dd> + +<dt><a name="reverseproxy">Reverse Proxy</a></dt> <dd>A <a href="#proxy">proxy</a> server that appears to the client as if it is +an <em>origin server</em>. This is useful to hide the real origin +server from the client for security reasons, or to load balance.<br /><br /></dd> + +<dt><a name="securesocketslayer">Secure Sockets Layer</a> <a name="ssl">(SSL)</a></dt> <dd>A protocol created by Netscape +Communications Corporation for general communication authentication +and encryption over TCP/IP networks. The most popular usage is +<em>HTTPS</em>, i.e. the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over SSL.<br /> +See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="serversideincludes">Server Side Includes</a> <a name="ssi">(SSI)</a></dt> <dd>A technique for embedding processing +directives inside HTML files.<br /> See: <a href="howto/ssi.html">Introduction to Server Side Includes</a><br /><br /></dd> + +<dt><a name="ssleay">SSLeay</a></dt> +<dd>The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by + Eric A. Young</dd> + +<dt><a name="symmetriccryptophraphy">Symmetric Cryptography</a></dt> +<dd>The study and application of <em>Ciphers</em> that use a single secret key + for both encryption and decryption operations.<br /> +See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="tarball">Tarball</a></dt> +<dd>A package of files gathered together using the <code>tar</code> +utility. Apache distributions are stored in compressed tar archives +or using pkzip.</dd> + +<dt><a name="transportlayersecurity">Transport Layer Security</a> <a name="tls">(TLS)</a></dt> <dd>The successor protocol to SSL, created +by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for general +communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks. TLS +version 1 and is nearly identical with SSL version 3.<br /> +See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="uniformresourcelocator">Uniform Resource Locator</a> <a name="url">(URL)</a></dt> <dd>The name/address of a resource on the +Internet. This is the common informal term for what is formally +called a <a href="#uniformresourcename">Uniform Resource +Identifier</a>. URLs are usually made up of a scheme, like +<code>http</code> or <code>https</code>, a hostname, and a path. A +URL for this page is +<code>http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.0/glossary.html</code>.</dd> + +<dt><a name="uniformresourceidentifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a> <a name="URI">(URI)</a></dt> <dd>A compact string of characters for +identifying an abstract or physical resource. It is formally defined +by <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC 2396</a>. +URIs used on the world-wide web are commonly referred to +as <a href="#url">URLs</a>.</dd> + +<dt><a name="virtualhosting">Virtual Hosting</a></dt> <dd>Serving +multiple websites using a single instance of Apache. <em>IP virtual +hosting</em> differentiates between websites based on their IP +address, while <em>name-based virtual hosting</em> uses only the name +of the host and can therefore host many sites on the same IP +address.<br /> See: <a href="vhosts/">Apache Virtual Host +documentation</a></dd> + +<dt><a name="x.509">X.509</a></dt> <dd>An authentication certificate +scheme recommended by the International Telecommunication Union +(ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS authentication.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd> + +</dl> +</div></div><div id="footer"><p class="apache">Maintained by the <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs-project/">Apache HTTP Server Documentation Project</a></p><p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="./faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div></body></html>
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